Nfu facilitates the maturation of iron‐sulfur proteins and participates in virulence in S taphylococcus aureus
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Summary: The acquisition and metabolism of iron ( Fe ) by the human pathogen S taphylococcus aureus is critical for disease progression. S . aureus requires Fe to synthesize inorganic cofactors called iron‐sulfur ( Fe‐S ) clusters, which are required for functional Fe‐S proteins. In this study we investigated the mechanisms utilized by S . aureus to metabolize Fe‐S clusters. We identified that S . aureus utilizes the Suf biosynthetic system to synthesize Fe‐S clusters and we provide genetic evidence suggesting that the suf U and suf B gene products are essential. Additional biochemical and genetic analyses identified Nfu as an Fe‐S cluster carrier, which aids in the maturation of Fe‐S proteins. We find that deletion of the nfu gene negatively impacts staphylococcal physiology and pathogenicity. A nfu mutant accumulates both increased intracellular non‐incorporated Fe and endogenous reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) resulting in DNA damage. In addition, a strain lacking Nfu is sensitive to exogenously supplied ROS and reactive nitrogen species. Congruous with ex vivo findings, a nfu mutant strain is more susceptible to oxidative killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and displays decreased tissue colonization in a murine model of infection. We conclude that Nfu is necessary for staphylococcal pathogenesis and establish Fe‐S cluster metabolism as an attractive antimicrobial target.
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The antibiotic streptonigrin, when combined with intracellular Fe(II) and a reducing agent, promotes killing by causing double-stranded DNA breaks; therefore, increased killing by streptonigrin is correlated with an increased pool of Fe that is not chelated by macromolecules.
“The antibiotic streptonigrin, when combined with intracellular Fe(II) and a reducing agent, promotes killing by causing double-stranded DNA breaks (3,7). Therefore, increased killing by streptonigrin is correlated with an increased pool of Fe that is not chelated by macromolecules.”
From The <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> non-coding RNA IsrR regulates TCA cycle activity and virulence (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredS. aureus lacking ftnA displays heightened sensitivity to streptonigrin.
“Previous literature has shown that S. aureus lacking ftnA displays heightened sensitivity to SN (39).”
From The oxidative stress regulator, PerR, is required for staphyloferrin B-mediated iron acquisition in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
Staphylococcus aureus strains defective in the acquisition, uptake or proper usage of intracellular Fe have decreased virulence in models of infection.
“Staphylococcus aureus strains defective in the acquisition, uptake or proper usage of intracellular Fe have decreased virulence in models of infection (3–6).”
From The <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> non-coding RNA IsrR regulates TCA cycle activity and virulence (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Archaeal ApbC/Nbp35 Homologs Function as Iron-Sulfur Cluster Carrier Proteins
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Self-citationBacterial ApbC Can Bind and Effectively Transfer Iron−Sulfur Clusters
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Bacterial ApbC Protein Has Two Biochemical Activities That Are Required for in Vivo Function
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- Institute, C.a.L.S. CLSI. Methods for dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approvied Standard-Eighth Edition. CLSA document M07-A8 2009 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Wayne, PA
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Transition Metals and Virulence in Bacteria
Palmer, L. D., & Skaar, E. P. (2016) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035146 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, C. A., Al-Tameemi, H. M., Mashruwala, A. A., Rosario-Cruz, Z., Chauhan, U., Sause, W. E., Torres, V. J., Belden, W. J., & Boyd, J. M. (2017) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00100-17 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Mashruwala, A. A., Bhatt, S., Poudel, S., Boyd, E. S., & Boyd, J. M. (2016) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006233 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, G.-L., Hooven, T. A., Norambuena, J., Li, B., Boyd, J. M., Yang, J. H., & Parker, D. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00814-21 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationThe <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> non-coding RNA IsrR regulates TCA cycle activity and virulence
Rios-Delgado, G., McReynolds, A. K. G., Pagella, E. A., Norambuena, J., Briaud, P., Zheng, V., Munneke, M. J., Kim, J., Racine, H., Carroll, R. K., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1243 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Staphylococcus aureus strains defective in the acquisition, uptake or proper usage of intracellular Fe have decreased virulence in models of infection ( 3–6 ).”
Self-citationBoyd, J. M., Ryan Kaler, K., Esquilín-Lebrón, K., Pall, A., Campbell, C. J., Foley, M. E., Rios-Delgado, G., Mustor, E. M., Stephens, T. G., Bovermann, H., et al. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02310-24 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationBoyd, J. M., Esquilín-Lebrón, K., Campbell, C. J., Kaler, K. R., Norambuena, J., Foley, M. E., Stephens, T. G., Rios, G., Mereddy, G., Zheng, V., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560778 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSheikh, A. A., Flannagan, R. S., Nicholson, N. J., Jarycki, N., Fabelurin, R. O., Lewis, I. A., & Heinrichs, D. E. (2026) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00149-26
“Previous literature has shown that S. aureus lacking ftnA displays heightened sensitivity to SN (39).”
- Authors
- Mashruwala, A. A., Pang, Y. Y., Rosario‐Cruz, Z., Chahal, H. K., Benson, M. A., Mike, L. A., Skaar, E. P., Torres, V. J., Nauseef, W. M., & Boyd, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boyd, Jeffrey M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Microbiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-12-20
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 383-409
- ISSN
- 0950-382X (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2958
- PMC
- PMC4428306
- OpenAlex
- W1873084373
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AI070958, AI044642, AI069233)
- American Heart Association (10PRE3420022)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (NE−1028)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Metalloenzymes and iron-sulfur proteins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Keywords
- iron-sulfur proteins, iron-sulfur clusters, Staphylococcus aureus, iron metabolism, virulence, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, oxidative stress susceptibility, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, tissue colonization, antimicrobial drug targets, SUFU
- MeSH terms
- Aconitate Hydratase, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, DNA Damage, Multigene Family, Humans, Iron, Iron-Sulfur Proteins, Mutation, Neutrophils, Oxidation-Reduction, Protein Binding, Staphylococcal Infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Sulfur, Virulence, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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