The DOI matches its Crossref record; 234 of the 234 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Guideline: Vulvovaginal candidosis (AWMF 015/072, level S2k)
Open accessAbstract
Approximately 70-75% of women will have vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) at least once in their lifetime. In premenopausal, pregnant, asymptomatic and healthy women and women with acute VVC, Candida albicans is the predominant species. The diagnosis of VVC should be based on clinical symptoms and microscopic detection of pseudohyphae. Symptoms alone do not allow reliable differentiation of the causes of vaginitis. In recurrent or complicated cases, diagnostics should involve fungal culture with species identification. Serological determination of antibody titres has no role in VVC. Before the induction of therapy, VVC should always be medically confirmed. Acute VVC can be treated with local imidazoles, polyenes or ciclopirox olamine, using vaginal tablets, ovules or creams. Triazoles can also be prescribed orally, together with antifungal creams, for the treatment of the vulva. Commonly available antimycotics are generally well tolerated, and the different regimens show similarly good results. Antiseptics are potentially effective but act against the physiological vaginal flora. Neither a woman with asymptomatic colonisation nor an asymptomatic sexual partner should be treated. Women with chronic recurrent Candida albicans vulvovaginitis should undergo dose-reducing maintenance therapy with oral triazoles. Unnecessary antimycotic therapies should always be avoided, and non-albicans vaginitis should be treated with alternative antifungal agents. In the last 6 weeks of pregnancy, women should receive antifungal treatment to reduce the risk of vertical transmission, oral thrush and diaper dermatitis of the newborn. Local treatment is preferred during pregnancy.
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“This may be due to the fact that some diabetic patients are treated with SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., dapagliflozin and canagliflozin), which are supposed to increase the number of VVC episodes [26].”
From Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Currently available guidelines are largely consistent when it comes to the usage of azoles in the therapy of VVC in pregnant women [26,36].”
From Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“a possible teratogenic effect is possible with 400 to 800 mg of fluconazole daily [26].”
From Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
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“For this reason, vaginal miconazole or clotrimazole may be a safer treatment.”
From Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“While studies have not shown an increased risk of birth defects as a result of the use of 150 mg of fluconazole during pregnancy”
From Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
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“According to the latest guidelines prepared by the previously mentioned German research group, the most desirable treatment scheme is in line with the previously mentioned schemes and includes the use of clotrimazole locally.”
From Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
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Cited by
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Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—An Overview of Guidelines and the Latest Treatment Methods
Satora, M., Grunwald, A., Zaremba, B., Frankowska, K., Żak, K., Tarkowski, R., & Kułak, K. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165376 · Cited by 84
Donders, G., Sziller, I. O., Paavonen, J., Hay, P., de Seta, F., Bohbot, J. M., Kotarski, J., Vives, J. A., Szabo, B., Cepuliené, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.934353 · Cited by 82
Self-citationMeng, Q., Wang, H., Xiao, W., Mai, W., Liu, Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, P., Sui, J., He, X., Yin, F., et al. (2025) · Mycology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2025.2461725 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Farr, A., Effendy, I., Frey Tirri, B., Hof, H., Mayser, P., Petricevic, L., Ruhnke, M., Schaller, M., Schaefer, A. P. A., Sustr, V., Willinger, B., & Mendling, W.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Klinikum Bielefeld (DE)
- Frauenklinik Kantonspital Baselland Liestal Switzerland
- Labor Dr. Limbach und Kollegen Heidelberg Germany
- Facharzt für Dermatologie und Allergologie Biebertal Germany
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto‐Maternal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Helios Klinikum Aue (DE)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
- Facharzt für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe Berlin Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Infektionen in Gynaekologie und Geburtshilfe Wuppertal Germany
- Corresponding author
- Farr, Alex
- ORCID
- Venue
- Mycoses
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-02-27
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 583-602
- ISSN
- 0027-5557 (ISSN-L)
- 0933-7407
- 1439-0507
- PMC
- PMC8248160
- OpenAlex
- W3129088316
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 234
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 8.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Mycoses (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nail Diseases and Treatments
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, vaginal infection, antifungal therapy, imidazole, triazoles, ciclopirox olamine, polyenes, maintenance therapy, pregnancy, vertical transmission, non-albicans Candida, vaginal microbiota
- MeSH terms
- Ciclopirox, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antifungal Agents, Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal, Contraceptive Agents, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Hormones, Humans, Imidazoles, Infant, Newborn, Polyenes, Pregnancy, Vaginitis, Causality, Hyphae, Candida glabrata
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