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Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness meditation represents a mental training framework for cultivating the state of mindful awareness in daily life. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in how mindfulness meditation improves human health and well‐being. Although studies have shown that mindfulness meditation can improve self‐reported measures of disease symptomatology, the effect that mindfulness meditation has on biological mechanisms underlying human aging and disease is less clear. To address this issue, we conducted the first comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of mindfulness meditation on immune system parameters, with a specific focus on five outcomes: (1) circulating and stimulated inflammatory proteins, (2) cellular transcription factors and gene expression, (3) immune cell count, (4) immune cell aging, and (5) antibody response. This analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity across studies with respect to patient population, study design, and assay procedures. The findings suggest possible effects of mindfulness meditation on specific markers of inflammation, cell‐mediated immunity, and biological aging, but these results are tentative and require further replication. On the basis of this analysis, we describe the limitations of existing work and suggest possible avenues for future research. Mindfulness meditation may be salutogenic for immune system dynamics, but additional work is needed to examine these effects.
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“In non-pregnant adults, MT has been shown to alter the functioning of autonomic nervous and immune system pathways associated with hypertension.31,32”
From Prenatal Mindfulness Training and Interoceptive Awareness in Pregnant People at Risk for Hypertensive Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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“Additional evidence has also shown that MBIs may enhance personal well-being, perceptual sensitivity, processing speed, empathy, concentration, reaction time, motor skills, immune function, and performance outcomes. 40-45”
From Randomized Controlled Trials of Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Interventions Over the Past Two Decades: A Bibliometric Analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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“the effects of mindfulness practice on health appear similar in magnitude to the changes demonstrated by other conventional approaches for treating stress, pain, and illness, including the administration of psychoactive medications, psychotherapy, health education, and behaviour modification2,64.”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Concordantly, several randomized controlled trials targeting stress management have largely lead to improvement in the morbidity of inflammatory diseases (Black and Slavich, 2016; Pbert et al., 2012; Simpson et al., 2014).”
From Origin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models (2020) · cites this paper as Black and Slavich, 2016
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Mind-Body Medicine in Children and Adolescents
McClafferty, H. H. (2017) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-529-8
Meditation Roundtable Discussion: Cultivating Calm, Connection and Stress Relief in Difficult Times
HART, J. K., Frates, B., Vago, D. R., & Mehta, D. H. (2022) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2022.29008.bfr
“6 In this review, meditation was associated with lower C-reactive protein levels, lower nuclear factor-k B transcription activity, higher CD4 T cell count and activity, and even increased telomerase activity, which helps maintain the length of our telomeres.”
Mei, M., Jiang, M., Li, Z., Zhu, W., & Song, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-966739/v1
Muzychenko, Y. N., Apollonova, I. A., & Evans, D. (2022) · Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика · doi:10.22363/2313-1683-2022-19-1-128-145 · Cited by 1
Srikaew, N., Pawa, K. K., Kietinun, S., Sriyakul, K., & Pattaraarchachai, J. (2022) · Trends in Sciences · doi:10.48048/tis.2022.4486 · Cited by 1
“Interestingly, previous studies have found that meditation has the potential to improve the immune systems of the body, which can help prevent and cure illnesses, which it has been linked to a variety of health advantages [20,21].”
BackgroundMeditation: The natural immunity booster ploy against SARS-CoV-2
Sharma, V. (2022) · Annals of Phytomedicine An International Journal · doi:10.54085/ap.covid19.2022.11.3.1
An Exploration of the Effects of Mindfulness on Pain: The Role of Pain Catastrophizing
Haliwa, I. (2022) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.11302
Xu, J., Mei, M., Sun, H., Chen, X., Zhu, W., & Song, J. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000031459
Primjenjivost tehnike mindfulnessa u obrazovnom kontekstu
Prijatelj, K., Bagarić, E. S., & Kukulj, I. (2022) · Nastavnička revija · doi:10.52444/nr.3.2.1
Mindfulness-Based Practice and Eliciting the Relaxation Response
Grossman, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06101-1_13
Neuroimmunoendocrinology of Tourette Syndrome
Martino, D., Johnson, I. N. S., Escobar, A. M., & Leckman, J. F. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197543214.003.0016
Psychoneurophysiologische Wirkmechanismen der Selbstheilung
Schubert, C. (2023) · Deutsche Heilpraktiker-Zeitschrift · doi:10.1055/a-1997-8697
Les pratiques psychocorporelles (ou mind-body) dans les rhumatismes inflammatoires chroniques
Sibilia, J., Berna, F. S., Bloch, J.-G., & Scherlinger, M. (2023) · Revue du Rhumatisme · doi:10.1016/j.rhum.2023.05.002
Unger, K. G., Sanapo, L., Bourjeily, G. R., Salmoirago‐Blotcher, E., & Bublitz, M. H. (2023) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2023.0254
“These results are consistent with evidence from nonpregnant adults in which mindfulness-based interventions are associated with decreased inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) 9 and extend findings into the prenatal period.”
Woodward, L. S. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781394200665.part4
Efficacy of Meditation in Management of Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Park, B. J., Choi, Y., Lee, J.-S., Ahn, Y., Lee, E., & Son, C. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4641145
Büssing, A. (2023) · THE MIND - Bulletin on Mind-Body Medicine Research · doi:10.61936/themind/202312223
A Cogniceptive Model of Trauma Fixation
Büttiker, P. (2023) · THE MIND - Bulletin on Mind-Body Medicine Research · doi:10.61936/themind/202312225
The Relevance of Mind-Body Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases
Klass, M. (2023) · THE MIND - Bulletin on Mind-Body Medicine Research · doi:10.61936/themind/202312224
The Potential of Mind-Body Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Stress and Trauma
Michaelsen, M. M., & Esch, T. (2023) · THE MIND - Bulletin on Mind-Body Medicine Research · doi:10.61936/themind/202312221
Pan, Y. (2024) · Journal of Language Teaching · doi:10.54475/jlt.2024.002
“…a chain of thought, and human-like speech production while limitations such as hallucination and inconsistency are noted (e.g., Bell et al., 2002; Black & Slavich, 2016; Johns Hopkins University, 2022; Kemppainen et al., 2018; Kuo, 2015; Maizes, Rakel, & Niemiec, 2009; Pike et al., 2014) (as…”
BackgroundFurtner, M. R., & Baldegger, U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43107-5_7
Meditation, Compassionate Love, and Mental Health in Later Life
Lekhak, N., Bhatta, T. R., Kahana, E. F., Fernandes, C., & Snyder, J. S. (2024) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20240208-03 · Cited by 2
Factores de riesgos psicosociales intralaborales y estrés laboral en profesionales de la salud
Pachacama-Ríos, D. C., Peralta-Beltrán, Á. R., Rodríguez, R. C., & Matheu-González, C. (2023) · Revista Arbitrada Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias de la Salud Salud y Vida · doi:10.35381/s.v.v7i2.3484 · Cited by 14
Development of a Mobile application for Effective Mental Health Intervention
Alhamada, M. I. (2024) · Journal of Electrical Systems · doi:10.52783/jes.2170
“MBIs have also been adapted for various settings, like schools and workplaces, showcasing their adaptability [7].”
BackgroundGarfield, L., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Mathews, H. L., & Janusek, L. W. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100060 · Cited by 1
“Emerging data show mindfulness reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels in non-postpartum samples, (Lacourt et al., 2018; Witek Janusek et al., 2019; Black and Slavich, 2016) including reductions in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008; Bower et…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Black, D. S., & Slavich, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Black, David S.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-01-21
- Volume
- 1373
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-24
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC4940234
- OpenAlex
- W2293546053
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Biodemography and Population Health (P30 AG017265)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08 MH103443)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, immune system, inflammation, inflammatory proteins, cell-mediated immunity, antibody response, gene expression, transcription factors, biological aging, salutogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Cellular, Stress, Psychological, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Meditation, Mindfulness
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