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Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
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Mindfulness meditation represents a mental training framework for cultivating the state of mindful awareness in daily life. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in how mindfulness meditation improves human health and well‐being. Although studies have shown that mindfulness meditation can improve self‐reported measures of disease symptomatology, the effect that mindfulness meditation has on biological mechanisms underlying human aging and disease is less clear. To address this issue, we conducted the first comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of mindfulness meditation on immune system parameters, with a specific focus on five outcomes: (1) circulating and stimulated inflammatory proteins, (2) cellular transcription factors and gene expression, (3) immune cell count, (4) immune cell aging, and (5) antibody response. This analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity across studies with respect to patient population, study design, and assay procedures. The findings suggest possible effects of mindfulness meditation on specific markers of inflammation, cell‐mediated immunity, and biological aging, but these results are tentative and require further replication. On the basis of this analysis, we describe the limitations of existing work and suggest possible avenues for future research. Mindfulness meditation may be salutogenic for immune system dynamics, but additional work is needed to examine these effects.
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“In non-pregnant adults, MT has been shown to alter the functioning of autonomic nervous and immune system pathways associated with hypertension.31,32”
From Prenatal Mindfulness Training and Interoceptive Awareness in Pregnant People at Risk for Hypertensive Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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“Additional evidence has also shown that MBIs may enhance personal well-being, perceptual sensitivity, processing speed, empathy, concentration, reaction time, motor skills, immune function, and performance outcomes. 40-45”
From Randomized Controlled Trials of Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Interventions Over the Past Two Decades: A Bibliometric Analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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“the effects of mindfulness practice on health appear similar in magnitude to the changes demonstrated by other conventional approaches for treating stress, pain, and illness, including the administration of psychoactive medications, psychotherapy, health education, and behaviour modification2,64.”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Concordantly, several randomized controlled trials targeting stress management have largely lead to improvement in the morbidity of inflammatory diseases (Black and Slavich, 2016; Pbert et al., 2012; Simpson et al., 2014).”
From Origin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models (2020) · cites this paper as Black and Slavich, 2016
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Gupta, R. (2026) · Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.17352/2455-5479.000237
“…mindfulness, yoga, tai chi, breathing exercises, and contemplative practices have been shown to modulate these pathways through effects on autonomic nervous system balance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation, vagal activation, neuroplasticity, and in fl ammatory signalling [43].”
Asimakopoulou, S., Pipelias, P., Kassi, E. N., Oikonomou, E. K., Siasos, G., & Darviri, C. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172909
“However, the mechanisms linking psychological interventions with microbiome alterations remain uncertain and may involve interacting neural, neuroendocrine, immune, dietary, and behavioral pathways [59].”
Korecki, J. R., Winston, D., Ko, E., Yoo, S., Khalili, J., & Bower, J. E. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0357906
“Assays will focus on pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of inflammation that are responsive to mind-body interventions [99,100].”
Gusmão, C. T. P., Özen, B., Neves, M. S. S. E., Scaini, G., Quevedo, J., Lussati, P. L., Aguiar, M. D. R. D. S., Calixto, C. T. D. S., António, A. A., Miguel, H. J. D., et al. (2026) · Anesthesia Research · doi:10.3390/anesthres3030027
“Mindfulness may influence immune-inflammatory signaling indirectly through stress reduction, improved sleep, reduced catastrophizing, and altered autonomic-inflammatory coupling [48,58].”
Tannoury, A., Garg, N. H., Khan, Z. H., Milligan, J. D., Parekh, P. D., & Barrientos, R. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2026.100194
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The role of music in meditation practice: A scoping review of practice-based functions
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“Mindfulness and meditation practices have been widely investigated as approaches for reducing stress and anxiety and improving psychological well-being [72–74].”
Chapter 8. Psychotherapy Interventions
(2025) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9798894550930.lg08
Metadata
- Authors
- Black, D. S., & Slavich, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Black, David S.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-01-21
- Volume
- 1373
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-24
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC4940234
- OpenAlex
- W2293546053
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Biodemography and Population Health (P30 AG017265)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08 MH103443)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, immune system, inflammation, inflammatory proteins, cell-mediated immunity, antibody response, gene expression, transcription factors, biological aging, salutogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Cellular, Stress, Psychological, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Meditation, Mindfulness
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