Persistent Effects of Chlorine Inhalation on Respiratory Health
Open accessAbstract
Chlorine gas is a toxic respiratory irritant that is considered a chemical threat agent because of the potential for release in industrial accidents or terrorist attacks. Chlorine inhalation damages the respiratory tract, including the airways and distal lung, and can result in acute lung injury. Some individuals exposed to chlorine experience a full recovery from acute injury, whereas others develop persistent adverse effects, such as respiratory symptoms, inflammation, and lung-function decrements. In animal models, chlorine can produce persistent inflammation, remodeling, and obstruction in large or small airways, depending on species. Airways with pseudostratified epithelia are repaired efficiently, with surviving basal epithelial cells serving as progenitor cells that repopulate the complement of differentiated cell types. Distal airways lacking basal cells are repaired less efficiently, leading to chronic inflammation and fibrosis at these sites. Persistent chlorine-induced airway disease in humans is treated with asthma medication to relieve symptoms. However, such treatment does not ameliorate the underlying disease pathogenesis, so treatments that are more effective at preventing initial development of airway disease after irritant gas exposure and at reversing established disease are needed.
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Indiscriminate HOCl-dependent induction of chlorination stress might be associated with adverse irritant effects.
“Also, in the context of balancing HOCl-related organ toxicity and therapeutic effects, it should be mentioned that the indiscriminate HOCl-dependent induction of chlorination stress might be associated with adverse irritant effects (51, 141–144).”
From Hypochlorous Acid: From Innate Immune Factor and Environmental Toxicant to Chemopreventive Agent Targeting Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [141]
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- Authors
- Hoyle, G. W., & Svendsen, E. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoyle, Gary W.
- ORCID
- Svendsen, Erik R.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-06
- Volume
- 1378
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-40
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC5063681
- OpenAlex
- W2462355514
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (U01 ES015673, U01 ES022564, R01ES15532)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- chlorine inhalation, chemical threat agents, respiratory irritants, acute lung injury, airway remodeling, airway obstruction, basal epithelial cells, airway epithelial repair, chronic inflammation, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma treatment, lung function decline
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bronchodilator Agents, Chlorine, Health Status, Humans, Respiration Disorders, Time Factors, Respiratory Mechanics, Inhalation Exposure, Respiratory Mucosa, Acute Lung Injury
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