CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 187Obesity, Physical Activity, DietObesity and Health PracticesBariatric Surgery and Outcomes

Obesity in South and Southeast Asia—A new consensus on care and management

Open access
Tham, Kwang Wei, Abdul Ghani, Rohana, Cua, Sioksoan C., Deerochanawong, Chaicharn, Fojas, Mia, Hocking, Samantha, Lee, June, Nam, Tran Quang +8 more·2023·Obesity Reviews
DOI 10.1111/obr.13520PMC PMC10078503
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Summary: Obesity is a chronic disease in which the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat leads to impaired health and increased risk of mortality and chronic health complications. Prevalence of obesity is rising rapidly in South and Southeast Asia, with potentially serious consequences for local economies, healthcare systems, and quality of life. Our group of obesity specialists from Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Viet Nam undertook to develop consensus recommendations for management and care of adults and children with obesity in South and Southeast Asia. To this end, we identified and researched 12 clinical questions related to obesity. These questions address the optimal approaches for identifying and staging obesity, treatment (lifestyle, behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical options) and maintenance of reduced weight, as well as issues related to weight stigma and patient engagement in the clinical setting. We achieved consensus on 42 clinical recommendations that address these questions. An algorithm describing obesity care is presented, keyed to the various consensus recommendations.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/obr.13520

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • BMI is a flawed metric for normative weight ranges because it is insensitive to differences in body type and lean versus fat mass and is inconsistent across race and sex groups.

    “In addition, BMI is now viewed as a flawed metric for representing normative weight ranges because of its insensitivity to differences in body type and lean versus fat mass and inconsistency across race and sex groups.76–80”

    From Malnutrition and Cachexia in Inpatients With Acute Cardiac Conditions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2026) · cites this paper as [78]

    In Results, Question 1 (page not provided), the paper says BMI’s relationship to body fat varies by ethnicity and that BMI can underestimate body fat in South Asian children because they have lower lean body mass at a given weight. This supports limitations concerning ethnicity and lean versus fat mass, but the cited passages do not establish the broader claim about differences in body type or inconsistency across sex groups. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

No citation lists for this paper

No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.

References 268 · Cited by 187

Research works printed but not linked: 219

  1. [4]Lear SA, James PT, Ko GT, et al. Appropriateness of waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio cutoffs for different ethnic groups. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(1): 42‐ 61. 19672278
  2. [5]WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body‐mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004; 363(9403): 157‐ 163. 14726171
  3. [6]Misra A. Ethnic‐specific criteria for classification of body mass index: a perspective for Asian Indians and American Diabetes Association Position Statement. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015; 17(9): 667‐ 671. 25902357 PMC4555479
  4. [9]Venkatrao M, Nagarathna R, Majumdar V, et al. Prevalence of obesity in India and its neurological implications: a multifactor analysis of a nationwide cross‐sectional study. Ann Neurosci. 2020; 27: 153‐ 161. 34556954 PMC8455012
  5. [10]Okunogbe A, Nugent R, Spencer G, et al. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for eight countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2021; 6(10): e006351. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006351 PMC8487190 34737167 · DOI
  6. [12]World Health Organization. Preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series 894. 2000. 11234459
  7. [14]Hills AP, Arena R, Khunti K, et al. Epidemiology and determinants of type 2 diabetes in South Asia. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018; 6: 966‐ 978. 30287102
  8. [15]Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. The global nutrition transition: the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Rev. 2012; 70: 3‐ 21. 22221213 PMC3257829
  9. [16]Kelly M. The nutrition transition in developing Asia: dietary change, drivers and health impacts. In: Jackson P, Spiess W, Sultana F, eds. Eating, Drinking: Surviving. Springer Briefs in Global Understanding; 2016.
  10. [17]Abdullah A. The double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition in developing countries: an update. Curr Obes Rep. 2015; 4(3): 337‐ 349. doi: 10.1007/s13679-015-0170-y 26627492 · DOI
  11. [18]Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer‐Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. Lancet. 2020; 395(10217): 65‐ 74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32497-3 31852602 PMC7179702 · DOI
  12. [20]Mechanick JI, Hurley DL, Garvey WT. Adiposity‐based chronic disease as a new diagnostic term: The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement. Endocr Pract. 2017; 23(3): 372‐ 378. doi: 10.4158/EP161688.PS 27967229 · DOI · Paper page
  13. [24]Pi‐Sunyer FX. Health implications of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 53(6 Suppl): 1595s‐ 1603s. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/53.6.1595S 2031492 · DOI
  14. [25]Deurenberg P, Yap M, van Staveren WA. Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998; 22(12): 1164‐ 1171. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800741 9877251 · DOI
  15. [26]Deurenberg‐Yap M, Schmidt G, van Staveren WA, et al. The paradox of low body mass index and high body fat percentage among Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24(8): 1011‐ 1017. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801353 10951540 · DOI · Paper page
  16. [27]Gurrici S, Hartriyanti Y, Hautvast JG, et al. Relationship between body fat and body mass index: differences between Indonesians and Dutch Caucasians. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998; 52(11): 779‐ 783. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600637 9846588 · DOI
  17. [28]Yajnik CS, Yudkin JS. The Y‐Y paradox. Lancet. 2004; 363(9403): 163. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15269-5 14726172 · DOI · Paper page
  18. [30]Khoo CM, Leow MK, Sadananthan SA, et al. Body fat partitioning does not explain the interethnic variation in insulin sensitivity among Asian ethnicity: the Singapore adults metabolism study. Diabetes. 2014; 63(3): 1093‐ 1102. doi: 10.2337/db13-1483 24353181 · DOI
  19. [31]Liew CF, Seah ES, Yeo KP, et al. Lean, nondiabetic Asian Indians have decreased insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance, and raised leptin compared to Caucasians and Chinese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27(7): 784‐ 789. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802307 12821962 · DOI
  20. [32]Nakayama K, Inaba Y. Genetic variants influencing obesity‐related traits in Japanese population. Ann Hum Biol. 2019; 46(4): 298‐ 304. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1644373 31307227 · DOI
  21. [33]Deurenberg‐Yap M, Chew SK, Lin VF, et al. Relationships between indices of obesity and its co‐morbidities in multi‐ethnic Singapore. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25(10): 1554‐ 1562. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801739 11673781 · DOI
  22. [34]Lin WY, Lee LT, Chen CY, et al. Optimal cut‐off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26(9): 1232‐ 1238. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802040 12187401 · DOI
  23. [36]Patel SA, Shivashankar R, Ali MK, et al. Is the “South Asian phenotype” unique to South Asians? Comparing cardiometabolic risk factors in the CARRS and NHANES studies. Glob Heart. 2016; 11(1): 89‐ 96. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2015.12.010 27102026 PMC4841915 · DOI
  24. [37]Smith MK, Christianto E, Staynor JMD. Obesity and visceral fat in Indonesia: an unseen epidemic? A study using iDXA and surrogate anthropometric measures. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2021; 15(1): 26‐ 32. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.11.003 33234489 · DOI
  25. [38]Khoo CM, Sairazi S, Taslim S, et al. Ethnicity modifies the relationships of insulin resistance, inflammation, and adiponectin with obesity in a multiethnic Asian population. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34(5): 1120‐ 1126. doi: 10.2337/dc10-2097 21464462 PMC3114514 · DOI
  26. [39]Misra A, Chowbey P, Makkar BM, et al. Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical management. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009; 57: 163‐ 170. 19582986
  27. [40]Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016; 22(Suppl 3): 1‐ 203. doi: 10.4158/EP161365.GL 27219496 · DOI · Paper page
  28. [43]Somasundaram N, Rajaratnam H, Wijeyarathne C, et al. Endocrine Society of Sri Lanka clinical guidelines: management of obesity. Sri Lanka J Diab Endocrinol Metabol. 2014; 1: 55‐ 70.
  29. [44]Dans A, Morales DD, Velandria F. National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNHeS): atherosclerosis‐related diseases and risk factors. Phil J Internal Med. 2005; 43: 103‐ 115.
  30. [47]Wang Y, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(3): 555‐ 563. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.3.555 15755822 · DOI
  31. [48]Obesity in Asia Collaboration, Huxley R, Barzi F, et al. Waist circumference thresholds provide an accurate and widely applicable method for the discrimination of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(12): 3116‐ 3118. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1455 17804678 · DOI
  32. [49]Jayedi A, Soltani S, Zargar MS, et al. Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose‐response meta‐analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3324. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3324 32967840 PMC7509947 · DOI
  33. [51]Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist‐to‐height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obes Rev. 2012; 13(3): 275‐ 286. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x 22106927 · DOI · Paper page
  34. [52]Chowdhury B, Lantz H, Sjostrom L. Computed tomography‐determined body composition in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in Indian and matched Swedish males. Metabolism. 1996; 45(5): 634‐ 644. doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90036-0 8622609 · DOI
  35. [53]Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009; 120(16): 1640‐ 1645. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 19805654 · DOI · Paper page
  36. [54]Tahapary DL, Harbuwono DS, Yunir E, et al. Diagnosing metabolic syndrome in a multi‐ethnic country: is an ethnic‐specific cut‐off point of waist circumference needed? Nutr Diabetes. 2020; 10(1): 19. doi: 10.1038/s41387-020-0123-8 32513949 PMC7280283 · DOI
  37. [55]Harbuwono DS, Tahapary DL, Tarigan TJE, et al. New proposed cut‐off of waist circumference for central obesity as risk factor for diabetes mellitus: evidence from the Indonesian Basic National Health Survey. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(11): e0242417. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242417 33206709 PMC7673572 · DOI
  38. [58]Sivasubramanian R, Malhotra S, Fitch AK, et al. Obesity and metabolic care of children of South Asian Ethnicity in Western society. Children (Basel). 2021; 8(6): 447. doi: 10.3390/children8060447 34070381 PMC8228459 · DOI
  39. [59]Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, et al. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000; 320(7244): 1‐ 6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240 10797032 PMC27365 · DOI
  40. [60]Xi B, Zong X, Kelishadi R, et al. International waist circumference percentile cutoffs for central obesity in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 105(4): e1569‐ e1583. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz195 31723976 PMC7059990 · DOI
  41. [61]Chaput JP, Katzmarzyk PT, Barnes JD, et al. Mid‐upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying children with obesity: a 12‐country study. Pediatr Obes. 2017; 12(6): 439‐ 445. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12162 27238202 · DOI
  42. [62]Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, et al. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022; 10(5): 351‐ 365. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X 35248172 PMC9831747 · DOI · Paper page
  43. [63]Ehtisham S, Crabtree N, Clark P, et al. Ethnic differences in insulin resistance and body composition in United Kingdom adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(7): 3963‐ 3969. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-2001 15840754 · DOI
  44. [64]Sharma AM, Kushner RF. A proposed clinical staging system for obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009; 33(3): 289‐ 295. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.2 19188927 · DOI · Paper page
  45. [65]Aasheim ET, Aylwin SJ, Radhakrishnan ST, et al. Assessment of obesity beyond body mass index to determine benefit of treatment. Clin Obes. 2011; 1(2–3): 77‐ 84. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-8111.2011.00017.x 25585572 · DOI · Paper page
  46. [66]Kuk JL, Ardern CI, Church TS, et al. Edmonton Obesity Staging System: association with weight history and mortality risk. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011; 36(4): 570‐ 576. doi: 10.1139/h11-058 21838602 · DOI
  47. [68]Hadjiyannakis S, Buchholz A, Chanoine JP. The Edmonton Obesity Staging System for Pediatrics: a proposed clinical staging system for paediatric obesity. Paed Child Health. 2016; 21(1): 21‐ 26. doi: 10.1093/pch/21.1.21 PMC4758422 26941556 · DOI
  48. [69]Hadjiyannakis S, Ibrahim Q, Li J, et al. Obesity class versus the Edmonton Obesity Staging System for Pediatrics to define health risk in childhood obesity: results from the CANPWR cross‐sectional study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019; 3(6): 398‐ 407. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30056-2 30952624 · DOI
  49. [70]Aylwin S, Al‐Zaman Y. Emerging concepts in the medical and surgical treatment of obesity. Front Horm Res. 2008; 36: 229‐ 259. doi: 10.1159/000115368 18230906 · DOI
  50. [75]Ryan DH, Yockey SR. Weight loss and improvement in comorbidity: differences at 5%, 10%, 15%, and Over. Curr Obes Rep. 2017; 6(2): 187‐ 194. doi: 10.1007/s13679-017-0262-y 28455679 PMC5497590 · DOI · Paper page
  51. [76]Slentz CA, Aiken LB, Houmard JA, et al. Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005; 99(4): 1613‐ 1618. 16002776
  52. [79]Tham KW, Lee PC, Lim CH. Weight management in obstructive sleep apnea: medical and surgical options. Sleep Med Clin. 2019; 14(1): 143‐ 153. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.10.002 30709529 · DOI
  53. [80]Promrat K, Kleiner DE, Niemeier HM, et al. Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2010; 51(1): 121‐ 129. doi: 10.1002/hep.23276 19827166 PMC2799538 · DOI · Paper page
  54. [83]Cuthbertson DJ, Wilding JPH. Metabolically healthy obesity: time for a change of heart? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021; 17(9): 519‐ 520. doi: 10.1038/s41574-021-00537-7 34272517 · DOI
  55. [84]Montesi L, El Ghoch M, Brodosi L, et al. Long‐term weight loss maintenance for obesity: a multidisciplinary approach. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2016; 9: 37‐ 46. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S89836 27013897 PMC4777230 · DOI
  56. [85]Hamdy O, Ashrafzadeh S, Mottalib A. Weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multidisciplinary real‐world approach. Curr Diab Rep. 2018; 18(9): 66. doi: 10.1007/s11892-018-1030-4 30019229 PMC6061196 · DOI
  57. [86]Kirk SF, Penney TL, McHugh TL, et al. Effective weight management practice: a review of the lifestyle intervention evidence. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012; 36(2): 178‐ 185. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.80 21487396 · DOI
  58. [87]Johns DJ, Hartmann‐Boyce J, Jebb SA, et al. Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral weight management programs: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of direct comparisons. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014; 114(10): 1557‐ 1568. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.07.005 25257365 PMC4180002 · DOI
  59. [88]Ramage S, Farmer A, Eccles KA, et al. Healthy strategies for successful weight loss and weight maintenance: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014; 39(1): 1‐ 20. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0026 24383502 · DOI
  60. [89]Misra A, Jayawardena R, Anoop S. Obesity in South Asia: phenotype, morbidities, and mitigation. Curr Obes Rep. 2019; 8(1): 43‐ 52. doi: 10.1007/s13679-019-0328-0 30729382 · DOI
  61. [90]Cheah WL, Chang CT, Helmy H, et al. An intervention based on the stages of change, health profiles and physical activity levels of overweight and obese adults in Sarawak, Malaysia—a feasibility study. Malays Fam Physician. 2019; 14(3): 46‐ 54. 32175040 PMC7067510
  62. [91]Langeveld M, DeVries JH. The long‐term effect of energy restricted diets for treating obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015; 23(8): 1529‐ 1538. doi: 10.1002/oby.21146 26179364 · DOI
  63. [92]MacLean PS, Wing RR, Davidson T, et al. NIH working group report: innovative research to improve maintenance of weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015; 23(1): 7‐ 15. doi: 10.1002/oby.20967 25469998 PMC5841916 · DOI
  64. [93]Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low‐carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low‐fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359(3): 229‐ 241. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708681 18635428 · DOI · Paper page
  65. [94]Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long‐term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(17): 1597‐ 1604. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105816 22029981 · DOI · Paper page
  66. [96]Fothergill E, Guo J, Howard L, et al. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016; 24(8): 1612‐ 1619. doi: 10.1002/oby.21538 27136388 PMC4989512 · DOI · Paper page
  67. [99]Ibrahim N, Ming Moy F, Awalludin IA, et al. Effects of a community‐based healthy lifestyle intervention program (Co‐HELP) among adults with prediabetes in a developing country: a quasi‐experimental study. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(12): e0167123. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167123 27935988 PMC5147835 · DOI
  68. [100]Ng CLW, Tai ES, Tham KW. A community based weight loss intervention program in Malay women—a proof of concept. J Fujian Univ Trad Chinese Med. 2016; 26: 25‐ 32.
  69. [101]Gulati S, Misra A, Tiwari R, et al. Effect of high‐protein meal replacement on weight and cardiometabolic profile in overweight/obese Asian Indians in North India. Br J Nutr. 2017; 117(11): 1531‐ 1540. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001295 28653586 · DOI
  70. [102]Misra A, Sharma R, Gulati S, et al. Consensus dietary guidelines for healthy living and prevention of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and related disorders in Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011; 13(6): 683‐ 694. doi: 10.1089/dia.2010.0198 21488798 · DOI
  71. [103]Gulati S, Misra A. Sugar intake, obesity, and diabetes in India. Nutrients. 2014; 6(12): 5955‐ 5974. doi: 10.3390/nu6125955 25533007 PMC4277009 · DOI
  72. [104]Fan JG, Kim SU, Wong VW. New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. J Hepatol. 2017; 67(4): 862‐ 873. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.003 28642059 · DOI
  73. [105]Harris J, Nguyen PH, Tran LM, et al. Nutrition transition in Vietnam: changing food supply, food prices, household expenditure, diet and nutrition outcomes. Food Security. 2020; 12(5): 1141‐ 1155. doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01096-x · DOI
  74. [107]Henry CJ, Kaur B, Quek RYC. Are Asian foods as “fattening” as western‐styled fast foods? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020; 74(2): 348‐ 350. doi: 10.1038/s41430-019-0537-3 31784676 PMC7007410 · DOI
  75. [108]Bhardwaj S, Passi SJ, Misra A, et al. Effect of heating/reheating of fats/oils, as used by Asian Indians, on trans fatty acid formation. Food Chem. 2016; 212: 663‐ 670. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.021 27374582 · DOI
  76. [109]Gupta V, Downs SM, Ghosh‐Jerath S, et al. Unhealthy fat in street and snack foods in low‐socioeconomic settings in India: a case study of the food environments of rural villages and an urban slum. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2016; 48(4): 269‐ 279. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2015.11.006 26872553 PMC4826272 · DOI
  77. [110]Mohan V, Unnikrishnan R, Shobana S, et al. Are excess carbohydrates the main link to diabetes and its complications in Asians? Indian J Med Res. 2018; 148(5): 531‐ 538. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1698_18 30666980 PMC6366262 · DOI
  78. [111]Gulati S, Misra A. Abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians: dietary strategies including edible oils, cooking practices and sugar intake. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017; 71(7): 850‐ 857. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.92 28612831 · DOI
  79. [112]Radhika G, Sathya RM, Ganesan A, et al. Dietary profile of urban adult population in South India in the context of chronic disease epidemiology (CURES‐68). Public Health Nutr. 2011; 14(4): 591‐ 598. doi: 10.1017/S136898001000203X 20701818 · DOI
  80. [113]Misra A, Singhal N, Khurana L. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes in developing countries: role of dietary fats and oils. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010; 29(3 Suppl): 289S‐ 301S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719844 20823489 · DOI
  81. [114]Daniel CR, Prabhakaran D, Kapur K, et al. A cross‐sectional investigation of regional patterns of diet and cardio‐metabolic risk in India. Nutr J. 2011; 10(1): 12. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-12 21276235 PMC3042918 · DOI
  82. [115]Mohan V, Radhika G, Sathya RM, et al. Dietary carbohydrates, glycaemic load, food groups and newly detected type 2 diabetes among urban Asian Indian population in Chennai, India (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 59). Br J Nutr. 2009; 102(10): 1498‐ 1506. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509990468 19586573 · DOI · Paper page
  83. [116]Jayawardena R, Byrne NM, Soares MJ, et al. Body weight perception and weight loss practices among Sri Lankan adults. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 8(2): e192‐ e200. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.05.003 24743016 · DOI
  84. [117]Gulati S, Misra A, Colles SL, et al. Dietary intakes and familial correlates of overweight/obesity: a four‐cities study in India. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013; 62(4): 279‐ 290. doi: 10.1159/000346554 23689065 · DOI
  85. [118]Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, et al. Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta‐analysis. JAMA. 2014; 312(9): 923‐ 933. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.10397 25182101 · DOI · Paper page
  86. [119]Raynor HA, Champagne CM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116(1): 129‐ 147. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.10.031 26718656 · DOI
  87. [120]Liu D, Huang Y, Huang C, et al. Calorie restriction with or without time‐restricted eating in weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386(16): 1495‐ 1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114833 35443107 · DOI · Paper page
  88. [121]Abete I, Parra MD, Zulet MA, et al. Different dietary strategies for weight loss in obesity: role of energy and macronutrient content. Nutr Res Rev. 2006; 19(1): 5‐ 17. doi: 10.1079/NRR2006112 19079872 · DOI
  89. [122]Gardner CD, Trepanowski JF, Del Gobbo LC, et al. Effect of low‐fat vs low‐carbohydrate diet on 12‐month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018; 319(7): 667‐ 679. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0245 29466592 PMC5839290 · DOI · Paper page
  90. [123]Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very‐low‐calorie diets: an update and meta‐analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14(8): 1283‐ 1293. doi: 10.1038/oby.2006.146 16988070 · DOI · Paper page
  91. [125]Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006; 174(6): 801‐ 809. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.051351 16534088 PMC1402378 · DOI · Paper page
  92. [126]Pedersen BK. Body mass index‐independent effect of fitness and physical activity for all‐cause mortality. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007; 17(3): 196‐ 204. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00626.x 17346289 · DOI
  93. [127]World Health Organization. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO guidelines. 2019. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550543. Accessed June 2022. 31219687
  94. [128]Jakicic JM, Clark K, Coleman E, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33(12): 2145‐ 2156. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00026 11740312 · DOI
  95. [130]Vissers D, Hens W, Taeymans J, et al. The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(2): e56415. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056415 23409182 PMC3568069 · DOI · Paper page
  96. [134]Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, et al. Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(13): 1218‐ 1229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1008234 21449785 PMC3114602 · DOI · Paper page
  97. [135]Borg P, Kukkonen‐Harjula K, Fogelholm M, et al. Effects of walking or resistance training on weight loss maintenance in obese, middle‐aged men: a randomized trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26(5): 676‐ 683. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801962 12032753 · DOI · Paper page
  98. [136]Schmitz KH, Jensen MD, Kugler KC, et al. Strength training for obesity prevention in midlife women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27(3): 326‐ 333. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802198 12629559 · DOI
  99. [137]Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boulé NG, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 147(6): 357‐ 369. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00005 17876019 · DOI · Paper page
  100. [138]Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010; 304(20): 2253‐ 2262. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1710 21098771 PMC3174102 · DOI · Paper page
  101. [140]Hayes L, White M, Unwin N, et al. Patterns of physical activity and relationship with risk markers for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and European adults in a UK population. J Public Health Med. 2002; 24(3): 170‐ 178. 12831085
  102. [141]Trinh OT, Nguyen ND, Dibley MJ, et al. The prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity among adults in Ho Chi Minh City. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8(1): 204. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-204 18541020 PMC2435539 · DOI
  103. [142]Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity‐related non‐communicable diseases: South Asians vs White Caucasians. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011; 35(2): 167‐ 187. 20644557
  104. [143]Tripathy JP, Thakur JS, Jeet G, et al. Urban rural differences in diet, physical activity and obesity in India: are we witnessing the great Indian equalisation? Results from a cross‐sectional STEPS survey. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(1): 816. 27538686 PMC4989330
  105. [145]Hui SS, Zhang R, Suzuki K, et al. The associations between meeting 24‐hour movement guidelines and adiposity in Asian Adolescents: the Asia‐Fit Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021; 31(3): 763‐ 771. 33249648
  106. [146]Win AM, Yen LW, Tan KH, et al. Patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior in a representative sample of a multi‐ethnic South‐East Asian population: a cross‐sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15(1): 318. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1668-7 25884916 PMC4391474 · DOI
  107. [147]Johnson MRD. Perceptions of barriers to healthy physical activity among Asian communities. Sports Educ Society. 2010; 5: 51‐ 70.
  108. [148]Sriskantharajah J, Kai J. Promoting physical activity among South Asian women with coronary heart disease and diabetes: what might help? Fam Pract. 2007; 24(1): 71‐ 76. 17179137
  109. [149]Lawton J, Ahmad N, Hanna L, et al. ‘I can't do any serious exercise’: barriers to physical activity amongst people of Pakistani and Indian origin with Type 2 diabetes. Health Educ Res. 2006; 21(1): 43‐ 54. 15955792
  110. [150]De Cocker KA, van Uffelen JG, Brown WJ. Associations between sitting time and weight in young adult Australian women. Prev Med. 2010; 51(5): 361‐ 367. 20638408
  111. [151]Bauman A, Ainsworth BE, Sallis JF, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of sitting. A 20‐country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Am J Prev Med. 2011; 41(2): 228‐ 235. 21767731
  112. [152]Wing RR, Look AHEAD Research Group. Does lifestyle intervention improve health of adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes? Findings from the Look AHEAD randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021; 29(8): 1246‐ 1258. 33988896
  113. [153]Salam RA, Padhani ZA, Das JK, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification interventions to prevent and manage child and adolescent obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8): 2208. doi: 10.3390/nu12082208 32722112 PMC7468898 · DOI
  114. [154]Koo HC, Poh BK, Abd TR. The GReat‐Child™ Trial: a quasi‐experimental intervention on whole grains with healthy balanced diet to manage childhood obesity in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nutrients. 2018; 10(2): 156. doi: 10.3390/nu10020156 29385769 PMC5852732 · DOI
  115. [155]Yi DY, Kim SC, Lee JH, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obesity: recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2019; 22(1): 1‐ 27. 30671370 PMC6333581
  116. [156]Mittal M, Jain V. Management of obesity and its complications in children and adolescents. Indian J Pediatr. 2021; 88(12): 1222‐ 1234. 34609654 PMC8491444
  117. [157]Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Recommendations for growth monitoring, and prevention and management of overweight and obesity in children and youth in primary care. CMAJ. 2015; 187(6): 411‐ 421. 25824498 PMC4387033
  118. [158]Cuda SE, Censani M. Pediatric obesity algorithm: a practical approach to obesity diagnosis and management. Front Pediatr. 2018; 6: 431. 30729102 PMC6351475
  119. [159]Kim S, Cho YG, Kang JH, et al. The relationships between parental lifestyle habits and children's overweight. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2008; 29: 395‐ 404.
  120. [160]Armstrong MJ, Mottershead TA, Ronksley PE, et al. Motivational interviewing to improve weight loss in overweight and/or obese patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2011; 12(9): 709‐ 723. 21692966
  121. [161]Durrer Schutz D, Busetto L, Dicker D, et al. European practical and patient‐centred guidelines for adult obesity management in primary care. Obes Facts. 2019; 12(1): 40‐ 66. 30673677 PMC6465693
  122. [162]Burgess E, Hassmen P, Pumpa KL. Determinants of adherence to lifestyle intervention in adults with obesity: a systematic review. Clin Obes. 2017; 7(3): 123‐ 135. 28296261
  123. [164]Lin PH, Grambow S, Intille S, et al. The association between engagement and weight loss through personal coaching and cell phone interventions in young adults: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018; 6(10): e10471. 30341051 PMC6245957
  124. [165]Vaz CL, Carnes N, Pousti B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an innovative, user‐friendly, interactive smartphone app‐based lifestyle intervention for weight loss. Obes Sci Pract. 2021; 7(5): 555‐ 568. doi: 10.1002/osp4.503 34631134 PMC8488442 · DOI
  125. [166]Chao AM, Wadden TA, Walsh OA, et al. Changes in health‐related quality of life with intensive behavioural therapy combined with liraglutide 3.0 mg per day. Clin Obes. 2019; 9(6): e12340. 31691531
  126. [167]Galle F, Marte G, Cirella A, et al. An exercise‐based educational and motivational intervention after surgery can improve behaviors, physical fitness and quality of life in bariatric patients. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(10): e0241336. 33119658 PMC7595397
  127. [170]Wadden TA, Foreyt JP, Foster GD, et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR‐BMOD trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011; 19(1): 110‐ 120. 20559296 PMC4459776
  128. [171]Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(1): 155‐ 161. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.1.155 14693982 · DOI · Paper page
  129. [172]Jacob S, Rabbia M, Meier MK, et al. Orlistat 120 mg improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with or without concurrent weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009; 11(4): 361‐ 371. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00970.x 19207292 · DOI
  130. [173]Davies MJ, Bergenstal R, Bode B, et al. Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE Diabetes randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015; 314(7): 687‐ 699. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.9676 26284720 · DOI · Paper page
  131. [174]le Roux CW, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double‐blind trial. Lancet. 2017; 389(10077): 1399‐ 1409. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30069-7 28237263 · DOI · Paper page
  132. [176]Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Long‐term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA. 2014; 311(1): 74‐ 86. 24231879 PMC3928674
  133. [177]Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Sarwer DB, et al. Benefits of lifestyle modification in the pharmacologic treatment of obesity: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161(2): 218‐ 227. 11176735
  134. [180]Sjöström L, Rissanen A, Andersen T, et al. Randomised placebo‐controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group Lancet. 1998; 352(9123): 167‐ 172. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11509-4 9683204 · DOI · Paper page
  135. [182]Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity‐assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102(3): 709‐ 757. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573 28359099 PMC6283429 · DOI
  136. [183]Whitlock EP, O'Connor EA, Williams SB, et al. Effectiveness of weight management interventions in children: a targeted systematic review for the USPSTF. Pediatrics. 2010; 125(2): e396‐ e418. 20083531
  137. [184]McGovern L, Johnson JN, Paulo R, et al. Clinical review: treatment of pediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(12): 4600‐ 4605. 18782881
  138. [185]Chanoine JP, Hampl S, Jensen C, et al. Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005; 293(23): 2873‐ 2883. 15956632
  139. [186]Maahs D, de Serna DG, Kolotkin RL, et al. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss in adolescents. Endocr Pract. 2006; 12(1): 18‐ 28. 16524859
  140. [187]Viner RM, Hsia Y, Neubert A, et al. Rise in antiobesity drug prescribing for children and adolescents in the UK: a population‐based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 68(6): 844‐ 851. 20002078 PMC2810795
  141. [188]Sun AP, Kirby B, Black C, et al. Unplanned medication discontinuation as a potential pharmacovigilance signal: a nested young person cohort study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014; 15(1): 11. doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-11 24594374 PMC3946605 · DOI
  142. [190]Bhasker AG, Prasad A, Raj PP, et al. OSSI (Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society of India) guidelines for patient and procedure selection for bariatric and metabolic surgery. Obes Surg. 2020; 30(6): 2362‐ 2368. 32125645
  143. [191]Ohta M, Seki Y, Wong SK, et al. Bariatric/metabolic surgery in the Asia‐Pacific region: APMBSS 2018 survey. Obes Surg. 2019; 29(2): 534‐ 541. 30306499
  144. [192]Chang YC, Chao SH, Chen CC, et al. The effects of bariatric surgery on renal, neurological, and ophthalmic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Taiwan Diabesity Study. Obes Surg. 2021; 31(1): 117‐ 126. 32683637 PMC7808993
  145. [193]Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al. Metabolic surgery versus conventional medical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10‐year follow‐up of an open‐label, single‐centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021; 397(10271): 293‐ 304. 33485454
  146. [195]Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee WJ, et al. Lifestyle intervention and medical management with vs without Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and control of hemoglobin A1c, LDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure at 5 years in the diabetes surgery study. JAMA. 2018; 319(3): 266‐ 278. 29340678 PMC5833547
  147. [196]Lee PC, Tham KW, Ganguly S, et al. Ethnicity does not influence glycemic outcomes or diabetes remission after sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass in a multiethnic Asian cohort. Obes Surg. 2018; 28(6): 1511‐ 1518. 29280058
  148. [197]Kheniser K, Saxon DR, Kashyap SR. Long‐term weight loss strategies for obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021; 106(7): 1854‐ 1866. 33595666 PMC8427732
  149. [198]Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes 12 years after gastric bypass. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(12): 1143‐ 1155. 28930514 PMC5737957
  150. [200]Kular KS, Manchanda N, Rutledge R. Analysis of the five‐year outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy and mini gastric bypass: a report from the Indian sub‐continent. Obes Surg. 2014; 24(10): 1724‐ 1728. 24805912
  151. [201]Lakdawala M, Shaikh S, Bandukwala S, et al. Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass stands the test of time: 5‐year results in low body mass index (30‐35 kg/m2) Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013; 9(3): 370‐ 378. 23068107
  152. [202]Lee WJ, Ser KH, Lee YC, et al. Laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y vs. mini‐gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity: a 10‐year experience. Obes Surg. 2012; 22(12): 1827‐ 1834. 23011462
  153. [203]Toh BC, Chan WH, Eng AKH, et al. Five‐year long‐term clinical outcome after bariatric metabolic surgery: a multi‐ethnic Asian population in Singapore. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20(7): 1762‐ 1765. 29460379
  154. [204]Yeo D, Yeo C, Low TY, et al. Outcomes after metabolic surgery in Asians—a meta‐analysis. Obes Surg. 2019; 29(1): 114‐ 126. 30196357
  155. [205]Tan SYT, Syn NL, Lin DJ, et al. Centile charts for monitoring of weight loss trajectories after bariatric surgery in asian patients. Obes Surg. 2021; 31(11): 4781‐ 4789. 34363141
  156. [207]Azran C, Wolk O, Zur M, et al. Oral drug therapy following bariatric surgery: an overview of fundamentals, literature and clinical recommendations. Obes Rev. 2016; 17(11): 1050‐ 1066. 27335140
  157. [208]Kasama K, Mui W, Lee WJ, et al. IFSO‐APC consensus statements 2011. Obes Surg. 2012; 22(5): 677‐ 684. 22367008
  158. [209]Pratt JSA, Browne A, Browne NT, et al. ASMBS pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery guidelines, 2018. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018; 14(7): 882‐ 901. 30077361 PMC6097871
  159. [210]Hachem A, Brennan L. Quality of life outcomes of bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2016; 26(2): 395‐ 409. 26494369
  160. [211]Lee WJ, Wang W. Bariatric surgery: Asia‐Pacific perspective. Obes Surg. 2005; 15(6): 751‐ 757. 15978141
  161. [212]Behl S, Misra A. Management of obesity in adult Asian Indians. Indian Heart J. 2017; 69(4): 539‐ 544. 28822528 PMC5560889
  162. [213]Lee PC, Ganguly S, Tan HC, et al. Attitudes and perceptions of the general public on obesity and its treatment options in Singapore. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2019; 13(4): 404‐ 407. 30975589
  163. [214]Memarian E, Carrasco D, Thulesius H, et al. Primary care physicians' knowledge, attitudes and concerns about bariatric surgery and the association with referral patterns: a Swedish survey study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021; 21(1): 62. 33832469 PMC8030650
  164. [215]Stolberg CR, Hepp N, Juhl AJA, et al. Primary care physician decision making regarding referral for bariatric surgery: a national survey. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017; 13(5): 807‐ 813. 28336199
  165. [216]Matsuo T, Nakata Y, Hotta K, et al. The FTO genotype as a useful predictor of body weight maintenance: initial data from a 5‐year follow‐up study. Metabolism. 2014; 63(7): 912‐ 917. 24798613
  166. [217]Brantley PJ, Stewart DW, Myers VH, et al. Psychosocial predictors of weight regain in the weight loss maintenance trial. J Behav Med. 2014; 37(6): 1155‐ 1168. 24722826 PMC4194177
  167. [219]Ostendorf DM, Blankenship JM, Grau L, et al. Predictors of long‐term weight loss trajectories during a behavioral weight loss intervention: an exploratory analysis. Obes Sci Pract. 2021; 7(5): 569‐ 582. 34631135 PMC8488452
  168. [221]Bajerska J, Chmurzynska A, Muzsik‐Kazimierska A, et al. Determinants favoring weight regain after weight‐loss therapy among postmenopausal women. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1): 17713. 33077809 PMC7572409
  169. [222]Cheng HR, Walker LO, Tseng YF, et al. Post‐partum weight retention in women in Asia: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2011; 12(10): 770‐ 780. 21545682
  170. [223]Ha AVV, Zhao Y, Binns CW, et al. Postpartum physical activity and weight retention within one year: a prospective cohort study in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(3): 1105. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17031105 32050525 PMC7038097 · DOI
  171. [224]Perri MG, McAllister DA, Gange JJ, et al. Effects of four maintenance programs on the long‐term management of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988; 56(4): 529‐ 534. 2848874
  172. [225]Fujioka K, O'Neil PM, Davies M, et al. Early weight loss with liraglutide 3.0 mg predicts 1‐year weight loss and is associated with improvements in clinical markers. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016; 24(11): 2278‐ 2288. 27804269 PMC5129670
  173. [226]Apovian CM, Aronne L, Rubino D, et al. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity‐related risk factors (COR‐II). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21(5): 935‐ 943. 23408728 PMC3739931
  174. [227]El Ansari W, Elhag W. Weight regain and insufficient weight loss after bariatric surgery: definitions, prevalence, mechanisms, predictors, prevention and management strategies, and knowledge gaps—a scoping review. Obes Surg. 2021; 31(4): 1755‐ 1766. 33555451 PMC8012333
  175. [228]Baig SJ, Priya P, Mahawar KK, et al. Weight regain after bariatric surgery—a multicentre study of 9617 patients from Indian Bariatric Surgery Outcome Reporting Group. Obes Surg. 2019; 29(5): 1583‐ 1592. 30729366
  176. [229]Belligoli A, Bettini S, Segato G, et al. Predicting responses to bariatric and metabolic surgery. Curr Obes Rep. 2020; 9(3): 373‐ 379. 32542590
  177. [230]Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Courcoulas AP, et al. Structured dietary intervention to facilitate weight loss after bariatric surgery: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016; 24(9): 1906‐ 1912. 27466039
  178. [231]Lee PC, Dixon JB, Sim PY, et al. Treatment options for poor responders to bariatric surgery. Curr Obes Rep. 2020; 9(3): 364‐ 372. 32447714
  179. [233]Miras AD, Perez‐Pevida B, Aldhwayan M, et al. Adjunctive liraglutide treatment in patients with persistent or recurrent type 2 diabetes after metabolic surgery (GRAVITAS): a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019; 7(7): 549‐ 559. 31174993
  180. [237]Wu HX, Ching BHH, He CC, et al. “Thinness is beauty”: predictors of anti‐fat attitudes among young Chinese women. Current Psychol. 2021. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-02021-x · DOI
  181. [238]Puhl RM, Himmelstein MS, Pearl RL. Weight stigma as a psychosocial contributor to obesity. Am Psychol. 2020; 75(2): 274‐ 289. 32053000
  182. [239]Iwabu M, Yamauchi T, Shimomura I, et al. Perceptions, attitudes and barriers to obesity management: Japanese data from the ACTION‐IO study. J Diabetes Investig. 2021; 12(5): 845‐ 858. PMC8089010 33021048
  183. [241]Bidstrup H, Brennan L, Kaufmann L, et al. Internalised weight stigma as a mediator of the relationship between experienced/perceived weight stigma and biopsychosocial outcomes: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022; 46(1): 1‐ 9. 34628466 PMC8501332
  184. [243]Aldrich T, Hackley B. The impact of obesity on gynecologic cancer screening: an integrative literature review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010; 55(4): 344‐ 356. 20630361
  185. [244]Puhl RM, Wall MM, Chen C, et al. Experiences of weight teasing in adolescence and weight‐related outcomes in adulthood: a 15‐year longitudinal study. Prev Med. 2017; 100: 173‐ 179. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.023 28450124 PMC5852667 · DOI
  186. [245]Wellman JD, Araiza AM, Newell EE, et al. Weight stigma facilitates unhealthy eating and weight gain via fear of fat. Stigma Health. 2018; 3(3): 186‐ 194. 30221195 PMC6132275
  187. [246]Panza GA, Armstrong LE, Taylor BA, et al. Weight bias among exercise and nutrition professionals: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2018; 19(11): 1492‐ 1503. 30176183
  188. [247]Puhl RM. What words should we use to talk about weight? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies examining preferences for weight‐related terminology. Obes Rev. 2020; 21(6): e13008. 32048465
  189. [248]Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature. Psychol Bull. 1989; 105(2): 260‐ 275. 2648443
  190. [249]Kennedy MA, Templeton L, Gandhi A, et al. Asian body image satisfaction: ethnic and gender differences across Chinese, Indo‐Asian, and European‐descent students. Eat Disord. 2004; 12(4): 321‐ 336. 16864525
  191. [250]Seubsman SA, Lim LL, Banwell C, et al. Socioeconomic status, sex, and obesity in a large national cohort of 15‐87‐year‐old open university students in Thailand. J Epidemiol. 2010; 20(1): 13‐ 20. 19934589 PMC3900775
  192. [251]Powell TM, de Lemos JA, Banks K, et al. Body size misperception: a novel determinant in the obesity epidemic. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(18): 1695‐ 1697. 20937931 PMC4874507
  193. [253]Kelley CP, Sbrocco G, Sbrocco T. Behavioral modification for the management of obesity. Prim Care. 2016; 43(1): 159‐ 175. 26896208 PMC4772897
  194. [254]Obesity Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Panel. Canadian practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children. CMAJ. 2007; 176(8 Suppl): 1‐ 177. PMC1839777 17420481
  195. [255]Ahmad N, Shariff ZM, Mukhtar F, et al. Family‐based intervention using face‐to‐face sessions and social media to improve Malay primary school children's adiposity: a randomized controlled field trial of the Malaysian REDUCE programme. Nutr J. 2018; 17(1): 74. 30071855 PMC6090983
  196. [256]Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, et al. Effect of weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs daily liraglutide on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes: the STEP 8 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022; 327(2): 138‐ 150. 35015037 PMC8753508
  197. [260]Foo LL, Vijaya K, Sloan RA, et al. Obesity prevention and management: Singapore's experience. Obes Rev. 2013; 14(Suppl 2): 106‐ 113. 24102951
  198. [263]Wang Y, Zhao L, Gao L, et al. Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021; 9(7): 446‐ 461. 34097869
  199. [264]Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome—a new world‐wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med. 2006; 23(5): 469‐ 480. 16681555
  200. [266]Jasul G, Sy RA. Obesity treatment recommendations in the Philippines: perspective on their utility and implementation in clinical practice. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2011; 26(2): 122‐ 128.

200 of 219 shown

Authors
Tham, K. W., Abdul Ghani, R., Cua, S. C., Deerochanawong, C., Fojas, M., Hocking, S., Lee, J., Nam, T. Q., Pathan, F., Saboo, B., Soegondo, S., Somasundaram, N., Yong, A. M. L., Ashkenas, J., Webster, N., & Oldfield, B.
Affiliations
  • Singapore Association for the Study of Obesity Singapore
  • Faculty of Medicine MARA Technology University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
  • Philippine General Hospital (PH)
  • Rajavithi Hospital (TH)
  • University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • Changi General Hospital (SG)
  • University Medical Center HCMC (VN)
  • Department of Endocrinology Ibrahim Memorial Diabetes Center Dhaka Bangladesh
  • Diabetes Care & Hormone Clinic (IN)
  • University of Indonesia (ID)
  • Diabetes and Hormone Center Colombo Sri Lanka
  • Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital (BN)
  • imc North America Toronto Canada
  • Monash University (AU)
Corresponding author
Oldfield, Brian
ORCID
Venue
Obesity Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-12
Volume
24
Issue
2
Pages
e13520-e13520
ISSN
  • 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-789X
DOI
10.1111/obr.13520
PMC
PMC10078503
OpenAlex
W4310526916
Cited by
187
References
268
Citations by year
2026: 51 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 1
FWCI
30.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Eli Lilly and Company
  • AstraZeneca
  • Sanofi
  • Monash University
  • Novo Nordisk
  • Servier
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
Keywords
obesity, obesity treatment, obesity care, clinical guidelines, obesity staging, weight loss maintenance, bariatric surgery, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle intervention, weight stigma, patient engagement, children and adults, South and Southeast Asia
MeSH terms
Asia, Southeastern, Child, Developing Countries, Humans, Obesity, Quality of Life, Thailand, Consensus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review