The founding ground of Turkism‐Turanism in the Early Republican Period: Atsiz Mecmua

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Korkmaz (2023) states that works in the field of history in Atsız Mecmua tried to be effective in the historical narrative of the new identity.

“Korkmaz (2023: 642), on the other hand, focuses on the works in the field of history in the Atsız periodical and states that they tried to be effective in the historical narrative of the new identity.”

• cites Korkmaz (2023) sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

May combine two claims.

In 1936, after the third language conference, the Solar Language Theory was announced and it was accepted that all languages on earth descended from Turkish.

“In 1936, after the third conference, this theory was announced and it was accepted that all languages on earth descended from Turkish.”

• cites Aytürk, 2004 sourcePartly supported

  In the paper’s discussion of the Sun-Language Theory (page not supplied), the theory is said to have been proclaimed in its final form in 1936 and to have received government support at the Third Turkish Language Congress—not after it. The paper describes ancient Turkish as contributing loanwords and sound–meaning correspondences to other languages, but does not state that the congress accepted that every language descended from Turkish; it also reports that most invited foreign scholars did not endorse the theory. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Korkmaz (2023) stated that Atsız Mecmua aimed to determine a direction for the official ideology.

“In his study, Korkmaz (2023) stated that Atsız Mecmua aimed to determine a direction for the official ideology.”

• cites Korkmaz (2023) sourcePartly supported

  In section 2 (page unavailable), Korkmaz says Atsız used the magazine to shape public opinion, influence the official ideology, and criticize perceived errors. That supports an aim to influence official ideology, but not the stronger claim that the magazine aimed to determine its direction. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Atsız Mecmua contains identity-based articles with very strong ideological emphases.

“Apart from the above-mentioned ideas in the introductory article of Atsız Mecmua, identity-based articles with very strong ideological emphases attract attention.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The discourse analysis categories of identity conception and ideological composition adequately capture the journal's narratives.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Atsız Mecmua includes various discussions and anthropological studies on the racial characteristics of the Turks, emphasizing the anthropological qualities of Turkishness.

“It can be stated that Atsız Mecmua includes various discussions and anthropological studies on the racial characteristics of the Turks.What draws attention to these studies is the emphasis on the anthropological qualities of Turkishness through the discussions and criticism of these studies.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The discourse analysis categories of identity conception and ideological composition adequately capture the journal's narratives.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most frequently mentioned issue in the preface of Atsız Mecmua is the Turkish villages and villagers.

“The most frequently mentioned issue in the preface is the Turkish villages and villagers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The preface of Atsız Mecmua praises Türkiye's establishment and success against imperialism, mentions its independence as a quality to be proud, and emphasizes the importance of progress in Anatolian lands.

“Türkiye's establishment and success in its struggle against imperialism are praised and its independence is mentioned as a quality to be proud.Besides, it is emphasised that it is now essential to give importance to the progress in Anatolian lands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Atsız Mecmua became an influential periodical in Türkiye in a short time.

“Atsız Mecmua became an influential periodical in Türkiye in a short time.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The most frequently mentioned issue in the preface of Atsız Mecmua is Turkish villages and villagers.

“The most frequently mentioned issue in the preface is the Turkish villages and villagers.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The preface of Atsız Mecmua underlines that what needs to be done is to rebuild Anatolian geography with Western techniques, remember the neglected Turkish peasantry, create a modern nation, continue the struggle against imperialism, and raise democracy and the Republic.

“In this context, it is underlined that what needs to be done is to rebuild this geography, which was saved with the faith of the Turkish nation by taking the techniques of the West, to remember the Turkish peasantry, which has been neglected for so long, to create a modern nation from it as well as to continue the struggle against imperialism in this way and to raise democracy and the Republic”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

H. Nihal argued that Turks are not of Aryan race but belong to the Altai or Turanian race along with the Mongols.

“In the light of both material realities (i.e., lineage, race, blood, and culture) and historical evidence (i.e., sculptures and materials found in East Turkestan), the Turks are not of Aryan race, but a nation belonging to the Altai or Turanian race along with the Mongols, according to H. Nihal.”

May combine two claims.

In Atsız Mecmua, communism in its ideological sense and identities other than Turkish were depicted as the other.

“Conversely, communism in its ideological sense and identities other than Turkish were depicted as the other.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Ahmet Rıza argued that French anthropological studies on Turks were based on subjective evaluations and political aims, ultimately aiming to prove that Turks did not have racial unity so as to show that Greeks were the real owners of these lands.

“According to Ahmet Rıza, these studies ultimately aimed at proving that the Turks did not have racial unity so as to show that Greeks were the real owners of these lands.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The main theme in the article 'Unrecovered Turkelia (Türkeli)' is the idea of working towards the realisation of the unification of the Turkic world within the framework of Turkism.

“In general, the main theme that stands out in this article is the idea of working towards the realisation of the idea of the unification of the Turkic world within the framework of Turkism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The main problem today is the opposition to military service.

“Therefore, the main problem today is the opposition to military service.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Atatürk was ruling the state at the time when this article was published.

“The interesting thing is that Atatürk was ruling the state at the time when this article was published.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

H. Nihal states that most of the immoral, thieves and corrupt people come from this class, and criticises them for publishing ideas harmful to Turkish society and trying to legitimise them by basing them on famous philosophers and thinkers.

“He states that most of the immoral, thieves and corrupt people come from this class, and criticises them for publishing ideas harmful to Turkish society and trying to legitimise them by basing them on famous philosophers and thinkers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is only one organisation that spreads this idea in Türkiye, and that is the Freemasons.

“However, there is only one organisation that spreads this idea in Türkiye, and that is the Freemasons:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the same article, the unity of the Turkic world and the things to be done about it were stated.

“In addition, in the same article, the unity of the Turkic world and the things to be done about it were stated.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

H. Nihal argued that Anatolian civilisations, such as the Hittites, were not Turkish, and that Turkish history began in Central Asia.

“According to him, in the light of both racial and historical documents, it is underlined that these civilisations are not Turks, Turkish history began in Central Asia, and therefore we should focus on leaders such as Genghis Khan and Timur and their states, which are tried to be excluded from our history.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

From the perspective of H. Nihal, all higher schools should be administered by the General Staff because the army is capable of this power.

“From the perspective of H. Nihal, all higher schools should be administered by the General Staff because the army is capable of this power.”

May combine two claims.

Anti-communism and anti-Westernism stand out as approaches adopted in Atsız Mecmua.

“In addition, anti-communism and anti-Westernism also stand out as the approaches adopted in the collection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The necessity to fight for Turkism is underlined in the article.

“Therefore, the necessity to fight for Turkism is underlined.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The article contains warnings: the great war to be fought for the unification of the Turkic world, being vigilant against the activities of harmful ideologies against Turkism, and the discourse of seventy-two and a half nations.

“The great war to be fought for the unification of the Turkic world, being vigilant against the activities of harmful ideologies against Turkism, and the discourse of seventy-two and a half nations are among these warnings.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Two other concepts that complement Turkism in Atsız Mecmua are Turkic world-Turanism and Militarism.

“Besides, two other concepts that complement Turkism and are defined in this context can be Turkic world-Turanism-and Militarism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is underlined that it was a great mistake to allow the continuation of the same propaganda.

“in the continuation of the article, it is underlined that it was a great mistake to allow the continuation of the same propaganda.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Atsız Mecmua consists mostly of articles on literature, history, the Turkic world, youth, economic issues, and family rather than ideological writings.

“Atsız Mecmua consists mostly of articles on literature, history, the Turkic world, youth, economic issues, and family rather than ideological writings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Daniş Remzi, who was surprised at how a national state like Türkiye could tolerate Freemasons who propagated communism under the mask of humanism, explained Türkiye's situation with the example of Lawrence of Arabia and stated that Freemasons were protecting such traitors.

“Daniş Remzi, who was surprised at how a national state like Türkiye could tolerate Freemasons who propagated communism under the mask of humanism, explained Türkiye's situation with the example of Lawrence of Arabia and stated that Freemasons were protecting such traitors (Atsız Mecmua, September 1932i: 27-29).”

• cites Atsız Mecmua, September 1932i: 27-29Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

H. Nihal underlines that the art of military service is influenced by the character of nations and Turks are first class soldiers.

“In addition to this, H. Nihal underlines that the art of military service is influenced by the character of nations and Turks are first class soldiers.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Atsız Mecmua's approach to history criticizes the official ideology for starting Turkish history from the Republican regime and denying the Ottoman and Seljuk past.

“According to H. Nihal, who emphasises the mistakes made in educational institutions that spread the official ideology and in history education in general, the biggest mistake is to start Turkish history from the Republican regime.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

H. Nihal takes a harsh stance against intellectualism and intellectuals and thinks that these people destroy the structure of society by living only for their own interests.

“H. Nihal takes a harsh stance against intellectualism and intellectuals and thinks that these people destroy the structure of society by living only for their own interests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Those who are hostile to military service are generally composed of communist, cosmopolitan, anarchist, snob, pacifist and humanist groups.

“Although those who are hostile to military service are generally composed of communist, cosmopolitan, anarchist, snob, pacifist and humanist groups, the anti-military sentiment seen in some nationalists, albeit in small numbers, upsets H. Nihal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

H. Nihal thinks that the real responsible class is the intellectuals.

“However, H. Nihal thinks that the real responsible class is the intellectuals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

H. Nihal criticises the education system because of educators who denigrate the military profession and states that patriotic people of Turkish descent should be employed in the education bureaucracy.

“In this article, H. Nihal criticises the education system because of educators who denigrate the military profession and states that patriotic people of Turkish descent should be employed in the education bureaucracy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Education should be managed by the military to discipline society, to establish a good education system and for a strong army.

“Education should be managed by the military to discipline society, to establish a good education system and for a strong army.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to H. Nihal, the real problem here is that civilians who are against military service should take classes even in military schools.

“According to him, the real problem here is that civilians who are against military service should take classes even in military schools.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A duty is given to the Turkists: the mission of saving Turkishness in the event of the negligence and treachery of those who govern the state founded by Atatürk.

“This responsibility is the mission of saving Turkishness in the event of the negligence and treachery of those who govern the state founded by Atatürk (Atsız Mecmua, September 1932h: 76-77).”

• cites Atsız Mecmua, September 1932h: 76-77Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

H. Nihal argued that Western civilisation took the upper hand in the 16th century, so one cannot speak of the superiority of Western civilisation before this century.

“However, according to H. Nihal, Western civilisation took the upper hand in the 16th century, which means that one cannot speak of the superiority of Western civilisation before this century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is stated that those who published on the basis of Bolshevism and communism were degenerates, that they poisoned Turkish youth and that hundreds of young people had to languish in prisons.

“It is stated that those who published on the basis of Bolshevism and communism were degenerates, that they poisoned Turkish youth and that hundreds of young people had to languish in prisons, in the continuation of the article, it is underlined that it was a great mistake to allow the continuation of the same propaganda.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These articles included the gathering of all Turks under the roof of a state, compulsory education of children in military boarding schools, state control of cinema and theatre, state control of capital, the realization of science for national purposes, the transformation of doctor and lawyer into civil service professions, and the prohibition of publications that would harm Turkishness.

“These articles included the gathering of all Turks under the roof of a state, compulsory education of children in military boarding schools, state control of cinema and theatre, state control of capital, the realization of science for national purposes, the transformation of doctor and lawyer into civil service professions, and the prohibition of publications that would harm Turkishness (Atsız Mec”

• cites Atsız Mecmua, September 1932h: 77Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although Kemalist nationalism constructs a secular identity, it defines the criterion of loyalty to the state on the basis of religion and does not trust non-Muslims in this regard.

“In fact, although Kemalist nationalism constructs a secular identity, it defines the criterion of loyalty to the state on the basis of religion and does not trust non-Muslims in this regard (Ye gen, 2006: 113).”

• cites Ye gen, 2006: 113Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Shortly after the closure of the periodical, Türkiye was made a member of the League of Nations for its contribution to international peace.

“Shortly after the closure of the periodical, Türkiye was made a member of the League of Nations for its contribution to international peace.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jewish, Greek, Kurdish and Gypsy identities can be given as examples here.

“Jewish, Greek, Kurdish and Gypsy identities can be given as examples here.”

May combine two claims.

History education and educators are harshly criticised for starting Turkish history with the declaration of the Republic in 1923, showing Anatolian civilisations, such as Hittite, Urartu, Ionian, and Phrygian, as Turkish and praising European history.

“It is seen that history education and educators are harshly criticised for starting Turkish history with the declaration of the Republic in 1923, showing Anatolian civilisations, such as Hittite, Urartu, Ionian, and Phrygian, as Turkish and praising European history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Grey Wolves, which is banned in some European countries today, maintains the Turanism idea as a non-governmental organisation where millions of young people are members and learn nationalism.

“Grey Wolves, which is banned in some European countries today, maintains the Turanism idea as a non-governmental organisation where millions of young people are members and learn nationalism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This symbol was later used by the Grey Wolves Education and Culture Foundation, which was founded in the late sixties and is known as the youth organisation of the NMP, but officially has a separate legal entity.

“This symbol was later used by the Grey Wolves Education and Culture Foundation, which was founded in the late sixties and is known as the youth organisation of the NMP, but officially has a separate legal entity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The logo of the periodical is a grey wolf in a crescent.

“As a matter of fact, the logo of the periodical is a grey wolf in a crescent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The reason for the closure of the periodical was the criticisms against the Turkish History Thesis, and some of these criticisms were explicitly included in Atsız Mecmua.

“As mentioned before, the reason for the closure of the periodical was the criticisms against the Turkish History Thesis, and some of these criticisms were explicitly included in Atsız Mecmua.”

May combine two claims.

No discussion concerning the identity of the Turkish nation was held within Atsız Mecmua because being a member of the Turkish nation was interpreted as an unproblematic characteristic that necessitates a state of pride.

“However, no discussion concerning the identity of Turkish nation was held within the periodical because being a member of the Turkish nation was interpreted as an unproblematic characteristic that necessitates a state of pride.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Soğukömeroğulları (2013) puts special emphasis on the fact that Atsız Mecmua started to be published after the closure of the Turkish Hearths as a continuation of the nationalist tradition.

“Within his study, So gukömero gulları (2013: 95-114), who wrote a comprehensive study on Atsız Mecmua, puts a special emphasis on the fact that the magazine started to be published after the closure of the Turkish Hearths 4 as a continuation of the nationalist tradition.”

• cites So gukömero gulları (2013)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Atsız Mecmua was published by Hüseyin Nihal (Atsız) for 17 issues between 1931 and 1932.

“The reason for the selection of Atsız Mecmua, which was published for 17 issues between 1931 and 1932, is the criticism it brought to the official ideology and its attempt to put forward an alternative idea of nationalism at a time when the regime had an authoritarian character in the Early Republican Period.”

• Also stated in: § METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK · plain

  “Atsız Mecmua, which was published by Hüseyin Nihal (Atsız) for 17 issues between 1931 and 1932.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The regime in the Early Republican Period had an authoritarian character.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua was closed due to opposition to the official ideology.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Preface published in the first issue of Atsız Mecmua can offer an initiative and substantial idea concerning the motto as well as the founding manifesto of the journal.

“In this context, the”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

May combine two claims.

Prof. Zeki Velidi Togan opposed the Turkish History Thesis and stated that its claims were unscientific and unrealistic.

“Prof. Zeki Velidi Togan, one of the most important figures supporting Turkism in that period, opposed this thesis and stated that its claims were unscientific and unrealistic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Hüseyin Nihal Atsız is regarded as the most important ideologist of the Turkism-Turanism nationalism.

“Hüseyin Nihal Atsız, who was a historian, literary critic, writer, poet, demagogue, and teacher, is regarded as the most important ideologist of the Turkism-Turanism nationalism, which has made important transformations within Turkish nationalism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The period in which Atsız Mecmua was published corresponds to the period in which the regime in Türkiye tried to establish an ideological framework and initiated the construction of an ethno-secular Turkish identity.

“The period in which the periodical was published corresponds to the period in which the regime in Türkiye tried to establish an ideological framework and initiated the construction of an ethno-secular Turkish identity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The analysis of discourse enables the production of knowledge through language.

“The analysis of discourse, which enables the production of knowledge through language (Hall, 2003: 44), facilitates the search for meaning in the use, production and reproduction of the practices or concepts in question.”

• cites Hall, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The main purpose of the archaeological-anthropological historical narrative was to establish a link between the current Turks and those in Central Asia, to indicate that the Turks contributed to world civilisation, to show that the Turks belonged to the white race, and to purify the new identity from Islamic elements.

“The main purpose of the archaeological-anthropological historical narrative was to establish a link between the current Turks and those in Central Asia, to indicate that the Turks contributed to world civilisation, to show that the Turks, like the Europeans, belonged to the white race and to purify the new identity from Islamic elements by emphasising the brilliance of pre-Islamic history (Aydın,”

• cites Aydın, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In the Early Republican Period, the biggest criticisms against Kemalism came from racists.

“However, in the Early Republican Period, the biggest criticisms against Kemalism came from racists.”

May combine two claims.

Atsız Mecmua attempted to foster a new conception of nationalism to challenge Kemalist nationalism, seeking to forge Turkish unity through militarism and a fascist state model.

“Atsız Mecmua attempted to foster a new conception of nationalism to challenge Kemalist nationalism, seeking to forge Turkish unity through militarism and a fascist state model.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Turkish History Thesis constitutes the most important pillar of Kemalist ideology as a cultural revolution.

“In fact, the Turkish History Thesis constitutes the most important pillar of the Kemalist ideology as a cultural revolution.”

• cites Ersanlı, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Turkism-Turanism nationalism developed against Kemalist nationalism and left a deep impact on Turkish political and intellectual history.

“Although Turkism-Turanism nationalism, which developed against Kemalist nationalism, is seen as an ideology that sprouted in magazines in the interwar period, it has left a deep impact on Turkish political and intellectual history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The first reactions to the official ideology-Kemalist nationalism-came from groups advocating a different understanding of nationalism.

“In this period when Turkish identity, state policies and basic institutions were being shaped, the first reactions to the official ideology-Kemalist nationalism-came from groups advocating a different understanding of nationalism.”

May combine two claims.

Togan had to leave Türkiye, while H. Nihal Atsız was dismissed from his position at the university and his journal Atsız Mecmua was closed down.

“Togan, who was targeted by the Kemalist elites due to these criticisms, had to leave Türkiye, while H. Nihal Atsız was dismissed from his position at the university and his journal Atsız Mecmua was closed down.”

May combine two claims.

Turkish nationalism, the founding ideology of Türkiye, was oriented towards identity and state building and developed an ethno-secular vision.

“Turkish nationalism, the founding ideology of Türkiye, was oriented towards identity and state building, and it developed an ethno-secular vision.”

• Also stated in: § THE ADVENTURE OF NATIONALISM IN THE EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD · plain

  “With the 1924 Constitution, the political nature of the Turkish national identity was established-Turkishness was defined in the constitution with the bond of citizenship-and its ethno-secular aspect was constructed with the Turkish History Thesis and the Solar Language Theory in the 1930s (Durgun and Yücel, 2019: 192-193).”

• cites Durgun and Yücel, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Kemalist nationalism became the ideology used to transform Turkish society in the establishment of the new state and constructed national identity and the modern state.

“Ultimately, Kemalist nationalism became the ideology used to transform Turkish society in the establishment of the new state and constructed national identity and the modern state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Nationalist Movement Party (NMP) was the most influential political party in Turkish politics that put nationalism at the centre of its ideology.

“As a matter of fact, the most influential political party in Turkish politics that put nationalism at the centre of its ideology was the Nationalist Movement Party (NMP).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Soğukömeroğulları categorises the themes in Atsız Mecmua as literature, folk literature, history, nationalism, opinion pieces, articles on social life, and promotions of various books.

“He also categorises the themes in the journal as literature, folk literature, history, nationalism, opinion pieces, articles on social life, and promotions of various books.”

• cites So gukömero gulları (2013)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Atsız Mecmua is a suitable source for revealing how the Turkism-Turanism idea that opposed official Kemalist nationalism was sprouted and constructed.

May combine two claims.

While the NMP had a Turkism along the lines of Atsız when it was first founded, it later evolved into a conservative line and became the representative of mainstream Turkish nationalism.

“While the NMP had a Turkism along the lines of Atsız when it was first founded (Uzer, 2016: 125;Poulton, 1997: 140), it later evolved into a conservative line and became the representative of mainstream Turkish nationalism.”

• cites Uzer, 2016Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Poulton, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The new regime's conception of nationalism was territorial-limited to Anatolia, rejecting the Ottoman-Islamic past, oriented towards the construction of a modern western-secular Turkish identity, and shaped by the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

“Thus, the new regime's conception of nationalism was territorial-limited to Anatoliarejecting the Ottoman-Islamic past, oriented towards the construction of a modern westernsecular Turkish identity, and shaped by the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the hero of the National Struggle and the founder of the Republic of Türkiye.”

• cites Breuilly, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The civilian elements of national identity, the understanding of a peaceful foreign policy, and the relations developed with the Soviets led Atsız and his circle to see Kemalists outside the idea of nationalism and accuse them of having cosmopolitan ideas.

“The civilian elements of national identity, the understanding of a peaceful foreign policy, and the relations developed with the Soviets led Atsız and his circle to see Kemalists outside the idea of nationalism and accuse them of having cosmopolitan ideas.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Discourse analysis helps to reveal the systematic relationship between socio-cultural practices and discourse practices through linguistic, written, and verbal expressions/texts, visual images, and sound effects.

“Discourse analysis helps to reveal the systematic relationship between socio-cultural practices and discourse practices through linguistic, written, and verbal expressions/texts, visual images, and sound effects (Fairclough, 1995: 97).”

• cites Fairclough, 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Kemalist nationalism is an understanding of nationalism in which the characteristics of territorial, civic and ethnic nationalism are seen at the same time.

“In addition, it is an understanding of nationalism in which the characteristics of territorial, civic and ethnic nationalism are seen at the same time.”

• cites Koçak, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Aktar, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Probably, there was a negative relationship between Atsız Mecmua and the Kemalist government.

“Probably, there was a negative relationship between Atsız Mecmua and the Kemalist government.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This state is envisaged to have a corporatist-fascist-totalitarian character that monopolises publications, cinema, theatre, capital, social relations, professional groups, and education through the army.

“This state is envisaged to have a corporatist-fascist-totalitarian character that monopolises publications, cinema, theatre, capital, social relations, professional groups, and education through the army.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The prominent ideology at this point is communism, which has been mentioned in the articles analysed previously.

“The prominent ideology at this point is communism, which has been mentioned in the articles analysed previously.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Turkism can be considered an intellectual movement based on Turkish identity and the Turkic world.

“Turkism can be considered an intellectual movement based on Turkish identity and the Turkic world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Turkishness is unequivocally seen as an undisputed identity paradigm, with culture and lineage playing a predominant role in its construction.

“Turkishness is unequivocally seen as an undisputed identity paradigm, with culture and lineage playing a predominant role in its construction.”

May combine two claims.

There were three dangers for Türkiye during the Atatürk period: Islamism, Communism, and ethnic movements.

“Because there were three dangers for Türkiye during the Atatürk period: Islamism, Communism, and ethnic movements (Oran, 2011).”

• cites Oran, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Atsız Mecmua, which was influenced by the anthropological debates of the period and was in parallel with the official ideology in this context, was an important medium for Turkism-Turanism nationalism to develop an ethnic-based understanding.

“Atsız Mecmua, which was influenced by the anthropological debates of the period and was in parallel with the official ideology in this context, was an important medium for Turkism-Turanism nationalism to develop an ethnic-based understanding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The social structure envisaged by the Turkism-Turanism was completely militarist and was in line with the fascist movements rising in Europe in the 1930s.

“On the other hand, the social structure envisaged by the Turkism-Turanism was completely militarist and was in line with the fascist movements rising in Europe in the 1930s.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This situation is also a reflection of the conjuncture.

“In fact, this situation is also a reflection of the conjuncture.”

May combine two claims.

Thus, the international conjuncture also had an impact on the determination of the ideological other in the early Turkism period, although it was not possible to determine it proportionally.

“Thus, the international conjuncture also had an impact on the determination of the ideological other in the early Turkism period, although it was not possible to determine it proportionally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is natural for Turkists to develop a similar vision of state and society under the influence of the conjuncture.

“In this context, it is natural for Turkists to develop a similar vision of state and society under the influence of the conjuncture.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The early thirties were a period in which fascism was in power in Italy, Nazism was on the rise in Germany, and Stalin's rule continued in the USSR; autocratic-totalitarian structures gained power.

May combine two claims.

H. Nihal's glorification of the art of military service, his harsh criticism of those who were against military service and his defence of the idea that education should be left to the monopoly of the army show that militarism was seen as the complement of Turkism ideology and this idea influenced the form of Turkism.

“H. Nihal's glorification of the art of military service, his harsh criticism of those who were against military service and his defence of the idea that education should be left to the monopoly of the army show that militarism was seen as the complement of Turkism ideology and this idea influenced the form of Turkism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The modernisation movement in Turkish history started from the armed forces and its implementers were the army.

“In other words, it is necessary to say that the modernisation movement in Turkish history started from the armed forces and its implementers were the army (Belge, 2010).”

• cites Belge, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ideology at the core of Atsız Mecmua is nationalism.

“The ideology at the core of Atsız Mecmua is nationalism.”

May combine two claims.

Atatürk, despite being a Turkish nationalist, considered Turanism as a movement that would jeopardise the future of the nation and tried to avoid moves that might anger the Soviets.

“Moreover, the fact that Atatürk, despite being a Turkish nationalist, considered Turanism as a movement that would jeopardise the future of the nation (Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri I, 1989: 216) and tried to avoid moves that might anger the Soviets points to the fundamental difference between both nationalism approaches.”

• cites Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri I, 1989: 216Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The fact that communism was covered more in the years when Atsız Mecmua was published can be considered conjunctural.

“The fact that communism was covered more in the years when Atsız Mecmua was published can be considered conjunctural.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The issue of gathering all Turks under the roof of a single state is diametrically opposed to Kemalism's peaceful foreign policy approach based on Western and status quo principles.

“The issue of gathering all Turks under the roof of a single state is diametrically opposed to Kemalism's peaceful foreign policy approach based on Western and status quo principles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the early thirties, Kemalism was orientated towards ideological foundations and Atsız Mecmua could perhaps influence this with its Turkism-Turanism approach.

“In the early thirties, Kemalism was orientated towards ideological foundations and Atsız Mecmua could perhaps influence this with its Turkism-Turanism approach.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Through militarism, a disciplined organisation of military society and education is desired.

“Through militarism, a disciplined organisation of military society and education is desired.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It would not have been possible for Atsız Mecmua to give direction to the official ideology.

“Naturally, it would not have been possible for Atsız Mecmua to give direction to the official ideology.”

May combine two claims.

In the face of the official ideology's attempts to erase and marginalise the post-Islamic period of Turkish history through the education system and historiography, Atsız Mecmua brings Ottoman history to the forefront and praises the sultans and Turkish-Islamic civilisation.

“In the face of the official ideology's attempts to erase and marginalise the post-Islamic period of Turkish history through the education system and historiography, Atsız Mecmua brings Ottoman history to the forefront and praises the sultans and Turkish-Islamic civilisation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These criticisms are based on Ottoman and Turkish-Islamic history.

“These criticisms are based on Ottoman and Turkish-Islamic history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The militarist approach is also supported by a corporatist-fascist conception of the state, and society is to be built with a totalitarian approach.

“The militarist approach is also supported by a corporatist-fascist conception of the state, and society is to be built with a totalitarian approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Atsız Mecmua was the starting point of this.

“Atsız Mecmua was the starting point of this.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are two other pillars of Turkism-Turanism: the Turkic world and militarism.

“Apart from this, there are two other pillars of Turkism-Turanism.These are the Turkic world and militarism.”

May combine two claims.

Atsız Mecmua criticises the Kemalist system, sometimes through bureaucrats and sometimes through the modernisation-Western understanding.

“Finally, Atsız Mecmua criticises the Kemalist system, sometimes through bureaucrats and sometimes through the modernisation -Westernunderstanding.”

May combine two claims.

Turkism-Turanism nationalism was founded on these ideas and even defended these ideas for many years.

“It would not be wrong to say that Turkism-Turanism nationalism was founded on these ideas and even defended these ideas for many years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It placed ethnicity as the basis of national identity, developed racist discourses against other groups, and set the main goal of gathering all Turks under the roof of a single state.

“It placed ethnicity as the basis of national identity, developed racist discourses against other groups, and set the main goal of gathering all Turks under the roof of a single state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In this context, militarism was considered as a method and fascism as a state model.

“In this context, militarism was considered as a method and fascism as a state model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Eventually, the two currents of thought entered a mutual rivalry in the field of nationalism.

“Eventually, the two currents of thought entered a mutual rivalry in the field of nationalism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This criticism is mostly carried out in a marginalising-racist manner regarding the ethnic and religious origins of individuals.

“This criticism is mostly carried out in a marginalising-racist manner regarding the ethnic and religious origins of individuals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This situation is important in the sense that the effects of Atsız Mecmua have reached today's Turkish politics.

“This situation is important in the sense that the effects of Atsız Mecmua have reached today's Turkish politics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

His anti-Semitic discourses point to an interesting situation since they took place even before the Nazis came to power in Germany.

“In addition, his anti-Semitic discourses point to an interesting situation since they took place even before the Nazis came to power in Germany.”

May combine two claims.

As a result, Atsız Mecmua attempted to construct a new understanding of nationalism based on criticisms of Kemalist nationalism and attempted to overcome it.

“As a result, Atsız Mecmua attempted to construct a new understanding of nationalism based on criticisms of Kemalist nationalism and attempted to overcome it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The difference in paradigm between them and the criticisms mentioned above constituted areas of conflict.

“However, the difference in paradigm between them and the criticisms mentioned above constituted areas of conflict.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Saraçoğlu (2004: 122-123) even states that there is a relationship of continuity between Atsız and NMP.

“Saraço glu (2004: 122-123) even states that there is a relationship of continuity between Atsız and NMP.”

• cites Saraçoğlu (2004: 122-123)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Turkism-Turanism, the official ideology's approaches to overcome the tension between civilian-ethnic elements, unite Turkish communities under the roof of a single state and create a militarist society created a legacy of thought that has lasted until today, producing the language and symbols of nationalism.

“Turkism-Turanism, the official ideology's approaches to overcome the tension between civilian-ethnic elements, unite Turkish communities under the roof of a single state and create a militarist society created a legacy of thought that has lasted until today, producing the language and symbols of nationalism.”