The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: Meta‐analysis and systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Previous meta‐analyses investigating the effect of exercise on depression have included trials where the control condition has been categorized as placebo despite the fact that this particular placebo intervention (e.g., meditation, relaxation) has been recognized as having an antidepressant effect. Because meditation and mindfulness‐based interventions are associated with depression reduction, it is impossible to separate the effect of the physical exercise from the meditation‐related parts. The present study determined the efficacy of exercise in reducing symptoms of depression compared with no treatment, placebo conditions or usual care among clinically defined depressed adults. Of 89 retrieved studies, 15 passed the inclusion criteria of which 13 studies presented sufficient information for calculating effect sizes. The main result showed a significant large overall effect favoring exercise intervention. The effect size was even larger when only trials that had used no treatment or placebo conditions were analyzed. Nevertheless, effect size was reduced to a moderate level when only studies with high methodological quality were included in the analysis. Exercise may be recommended for people with mild and moderate depression who are willing, motivated, and physically healthy enough to engage in such a program.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Physical exercise has been shown to reduce depression [14], seems to reduce pain [15] and is recommended as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders [16].”
In the citing paper
“Current research generally indicates that for people with depressive symptoms, physical exercise is as effective as antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“for patients with depression, exercise can be used as a supplement to traditional therapy [70–72].”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence
Warburton, D. E. R. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351 · Cited by 8,007
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T., & Murray, C. J. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68770-9 · Cited by 5,630
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Borenstein M, 2005, ComprehensiveMeta‐analysis Version 2
- Buckworth J, 2002, Exercise psychology
- Epstein D, 1986, Aerobic activity versus group cognitive therapy: an evaluative study of contrasting interventions for the alleviation of clinical depression
- Jorgensen C, 1986, Aerobic conditioning in the therapeutic treatment of chronic schizophrenia
- La Forge R, 1995, Exercise‐associated mood alterations: a review of interactive neurobiological mechanisms, Med Exerc Nutr Health, 4, 17
- 10.1136/bmj.322.7289.763 · DOI · Paper page
- Mutrie N, 1988, Proceedings of sport, health psychology, and exercise symposium, 96
- Shadish WR, 2009, The handbook of research synthesis and meta analysis, 257
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–482 of 482
Fysioterapeuters erfaringer med bruk av fysisk aktivitet til eldre deprimerte
Ulleberg, A. M., & Johannesen, B. (2015) · Nordisk tidsskrift for helseforskning · doi:10.7557/14.3711
Sportliche Aktivität und Stresstoleranz
Gerber, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24265-6.00022-6
The value of Tai Chi to enhance physical and psychosocial health for people with multiple sclerosis
Burschka, J. M. (2015) · EPub Bayreuth (University of Bayreuth)
The experience of exercise: Women survivors of sexual violence
Smith‐Marek, E. N. (2015) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University)
The Loss of Sadness and Client-Centered Psychiatry
Carta, M. G. (2013) · Anthropology · doi:10.4172/2332-0915.1000e113
Was wirkt? – Allgemeine Wirkfaktoren ärztlicher Interventionen
Fritzsche, K., & Wetzel-Richter, D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47744-1_8
Exercise as an Adjunct to Treating Depression
Carson, R. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19089-22
Jenkins, R. T. (2016) · Research Commons (University of Waikato)
Forsyth, A. K. (2013) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
Exercise as a Behavioral Health Intervention in Primary Care Settings
Reinhart, E. T., Keller, M., & James, L. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49206-3_16
Physical Activity and the Urban Environment: An Evaluation of Chinatown, New York City
Guzman, E. (2016) · SOPHIA (St. Catherine University)
Leenstra, T. R. (2020) · Western CEDAR (Western Washington University) · doi:10.25710/d38f-0w77
Sanchez, M. (2017) · Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) · doi:10.30827/digibug.45267
Brekke, M. (2015)
Whitson, S. (2017) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)
Health Behaviors in Military Veterans with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Kitsmiller, E. (2017) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Treating depression with activation
Nyström, M. B. T. (2018) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Applying health promotion theories to improve depressive symptoms through exercise
Abelman, D. D., & Hanna, A. D. (2017) · University of Western Ontario Medical Journal · doi:10.5206/uwomj.v86i2.1952
Fenkel, C. (2018) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)
Comparison of Beneficial Effects of Kinesiotherapy for Seasonal and Non-Seasonal Depression
Putilov, A. A., & Pinkhasov, B. (2016) · Athens Journal of Sports · doi:10.30958/ajspo.3-1-4
Howard, A. P. (2018) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Lambert, L., & O’Hara, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13921-6_14
Meditation for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review
Sorbero, M. E. S., Ahluwalia, S. C., Reynolds, K. A., Lovejoy, S. L., Farris, C. A., Sloan, J., Miles, J. N. V., Vaughan, C., Kandrack, R., Apaydin, E. A., et al. (2015) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr1138
Nutrition, exercise and health
Thorsteinsson, E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316779156.005
Mählmann, L. (2018) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20180710lm
Graham, R. (2020) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
O’Driscoll, T., Spaaij, R., Borkoles, E., & Polman, R. C. J. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-111767/v1
Holmes, E. J., Aryal, S., & Walters, S. T. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01555-5
Hypólito, T. M. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.6.2021.tde-24062021-193148 · Cited by 2
Congresso GeoSaúde 2022: livro de resumos
Santana, P. (2022) · doi:10.33787/ceg20220001
Exercise as Mental Health Medicine – Have We Had Enough Information?
Fox‐Harding, C., Foster, C., King, P., Mathews, S., Hutton, G., Nosaka, K., & Nosaka, K. (2022) · The Asian Journal of Kinesiology · doi:10.15758/ajk.2022.24.4.12
Okuyucu, M., & Kurtça, M. P. (2022) · European Journal of Public Health Studies · doi:10.46827/ejphs.v5i2.132
Domingo, G. V., Marta, G. M., & John, D. (2022) · MOJ Sports Medicine · doi:10.15406/mojsm.2022.05.00122
Jensen, I. (2022) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9601
Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Adults
ARIKAN, A. N., & ÇAKIR, G. (2022) · Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.38021/asbid.1176708
The Siamese Twins of a Healthy Life: Physical Activity and Positive Emotion
Yang, J. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-89-3_91
The experiences of individuals living with HIV in Ireland attending out-patient physiotherapy
McDermott, A., Murphy, N., Reddin, C., & Bergin, C. J. (2023) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2023.2218638
ผลของโปรแกรมการสนบสนนทางสงคมรวมกบการออกกำลงกายตอคณภาพชวตของผปวยโรคซมเศรา
ประสิทธิ์เวช, ป., & อุปเสน, ร. (2018) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2018.984
Daniels, B. T., Davis, R. E., & Howie, E. K. (2023) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276231220559
Satisfacción Escolar y Actividad Física en Universitarios Colombianos
Ramírez-Roncancio, N. L., Velásquez, D. C. L., Martinez, M. C. J., & Moreno, C. O. S. (2024) · Praxis & Saber · doi:10.19053/uptc.22160159.v15.n40.2024.15473 · Cited by 1
Sutliffe, J. T., Lopez, N. V., Papini, N. M., & Herrmann, S. D. (2024) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276241280883
Ma, Y., Gao, Y., Yang, H., Zhang, Y., & Ku, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1432454
Possíveis Relações entre Lazer e Crossfit
Nascimento, A. F. S., Luiz, M. E. T., da Cunha, B. F., Correia, M. D. S., & Marinho, A. (2024) · Licere · doi:10.35699/2447-6218.2024.54920
Zhang, Z., Li, L., Dong, K., Li, D., & Guo, K. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5333782/v1
Energetic activity for depression in young people aged 13–17 years: the READY feasibility RCT
Smith, M., James, R., Howlett, N., Mengoni, S. E., Jones, J., Sims, E. J., Turner, D., Grant, K., Clark, A., Murdoch, J., et al. (2024) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/kwnh4507
Pratique du sport et Psychiatrie
Kern, L., & Fayollet, C. (2017) · HAL · doi:10.1016/s0246-1072(17)65259-3
Liu, Y. (2025) · Applied and Computational Engineering · doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2025.po23118
Xu, D., Huang, Z., Zhang, G., Jiao, J., Cao, Y., Liu, M., Kong, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101718
A Causal Analysis of Five Population-Wide Health Interventions: Evidence From New Zealand Panel Data
Kempthorne, J. (2025) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.29474216
Mehta, P., Starnes, C., Messias, E., & Grysman, N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94645-5_7
Seki, T., Shimura, A., Nakajima, K., Kikkawa, M., Morishita, C., Tamada, Y., Honyashiki, M., Masuya, J., & Inoue, T. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70111
Relationen mellan fysisk aktivitet, stillasittande och depression
Wigforss, T. (2014)
Karg‐Hefner, N., Dorscht, L., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11978823
Kandola, A. A., Osborn, D., Stubbs, B., Choi, K. W., & Hayes, J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13219418
Schwarzkopf, L., Dorscht, L., Kraus, L., & Luttenberger, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16879987
Zhou, Y., Huang, Z., Liu, Y., & Liu, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26724806
Wiczkowski, D., Sobchynskyi, M., Kiełbaszewska, I., Kowalczuk, D., Turlej, K., Lazitskaya, D., Kasianik, W., Milasheuskaya, V., Miraniuk, K., Myrny, A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4448
MANAGING PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA THROUGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Piekarska, M., Wojtkiewicz, A. M., & Barańska, O. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4469
Yoga for Anxiety and Depression: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analytic Evidence
Giridharan, S., Pandiyan, B., & Godbole, M. (2026) · International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/ijhsr.20260206
Etude de la voie de la kynurénine dans la symptomatologie du sujet obèse
Huet, L. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ff26d7c8z4c5fz4c86z9e6ezd8d843268447
Turner, W., Marca, R. L., Infanger, D., Schwendinger, F., Brühl, A. B., Marschall, K., Schulze, B., Pfaff, M., Böker, H., Russmann, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112674
Nature-Based Therapy: Exploring the Processes That Foster Change
Rhodes, J. D., & Boylan, H. M. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16040574
Turner, W., Marca, R. L., Infanger, D., Brühl, A. B., Marschall, K., Schulze, B., Pfaff, M., Russmann, T., Böker, H., & Schmidt‐Trucksäss, A. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101065
Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Ma, J., & Lyu, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1871522
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION-REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
Rynkowska, M., Szostak, P., Maj, S., Sikorska, W., Poleszczuk, M., Kuźmiuk, D., Sikorski, A., Sidor, D., Gołacka, K., & Bystron, J. M. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5472
Au Québec, la santé mentale sans les kinésiologues, c’est comme une cabane à sucre sans sirop
St‐Amour, S., Romain, A. J., & Bernard, P. (2026) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1126801ar
Physical activity and exercise as a synergistic mediator of cardiovascular and mental resilience
Schorb, A., Till, P., Mantovani, L., Seyss-Inquart, M., & Aichhorn, W. (2026) · International Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.46439/cardiology.6.040
Zegadło, K., Kuc, K. J., Dobrucki, M., Brzezicki, K., Jakubiak, P., Cieciora, A., Cieciora, M., Kawiorska, M., Surowiec, J., & Bełcikowska-Skowron, W. R. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.5944
Çiçek, G., Candan, D., Greco, F., Murfone, F., Prigitano, V., Tarsitano, M. G., & Emerenziani, G. P. (2026) · Women · doi:10.3390/women6030057
Sekyi, S., Owusu, O. O., & Luri, M. (2026) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2731627
An exercise referral scheme within a university's mental health services: implementation and impact
DANIELS, B. T., Jett, K. M., GALLAGHER, K. M., Robinson, S., DAVIS, R. E., Gray, M., & Howie, E. K. (2026) · Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche · doi:10.23736/s0393-3660.25.06266-7
Metadata
- Authors
- Josefsson, T., Lindwall, M., & Archer, T.
- Affiliations
- Halmstad University (SE)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Linnaeus University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Josefsson, T.
- ORCID
- Lindwall, M.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-01-30
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 259-272
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W1527910096
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression, depressive disorders, exercise intervention, placebo effect, meditation, mindfulness-based interventions, antidepressant effects, methodological quality, mild to moderate depression, adults
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Humans, Statistics as Topic, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review