Depression and Political Participation*
Open accessAbstract
Objective: I hypothesize that individuals with depression lack the motivation and physical capacity required to participate in politics due to somatic problems and feelings of hopelessness and apathy. Furthermore, I hypothesize that depression in adolescence can have negative downstream consequences for participation in young adulthood. Method: Using the 1998 General Social Survey and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I employ logistic regression and mediation analysis to test the relationship between depression and voting as well as adolescent depression and political participation. Results: The results show that both depression and adolescent depression reduce the probability of political participation. The effect of adolescent depression on political participation is mediated by educational attainment and partisan affiliation. Conclusion: Depression reduces participation and merits further attention as a political phenomenon. The possibility of depression as a disability is discussed, including potential efforts to boost participation among this group.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Landwehr and Ojeda (2021) show that, across four countries, depressive symptoms substantially reduce the probability of voting by diminishing political motivation and physical energy.
“First, Landwehr and Ojeda (2021) show that, across four countries, depressive symptoms substantially reduce the probability of voting by diminishing political motivation and physical energy (also see Ojeda, 2015, Ojeda & Pacheco, 2019).”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Ojeda, 2015
The Analysis of GSS Sample reports that voting probability decreases as depressed mood increases, and the Depression and Politics section proposes reduced motivation and physical capacity as explanations. The cited 2015 paper does not establish those pathways or report a four-country finding; the sentence attributes that broader result to Landwehr and Ojeda (2021). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind
Snyder, C. R. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01 · Cited by 3,737 · see citing works
Identification, Inference and Sensitivity Analysis for Causal Mediation Effects
Imai, K., Keele, L., & Yamamoto, T. (2010) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/10-sts321 · Cited by 1,628 · see citing works
Cost of Lost Productive Work Time Among US Workers With Depression
Stewart, W. F. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3135 · Cited by 1,421 · see citing works
Feeling and Believing: The Influence of Emotion on Trust.
Dunn, J. R., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.736 · Cited by 1,301 · see citing works
Consequences and Correlates of Adolescent Depression
Glied, S., & Pine, D. S. (2002) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.10.1009 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Adolescents With Depressive Symptoms and Their Challenges With Learning in School
Humensky, J., Kuwabara, S. A., Fogel, J., Wells, C., Goodwin, B., & Voorhees, B. W. V. (2010) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840510376515 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 35
- Abramson Paul R Aldrich John H The decline of electoral participation in America The American Political Science Review 1982 502 521
- Accortt Eynav Elgavish Freeman Marlene P Allen John JB Women and major depressive disorder: clinical perspectives on causal pathways Journal of Women’s Health 2008 17 10 1583 1590 19049352
- Ainsworth Patricia Understanding depression. Univ. Press of Mississippi 2000
- Beck Aaron T Thinking and depression: I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions Archives of General Psychiatry 1963 9 4 324 14045261
- Brady Henry E Verba Sidney Schlozman Kay Lehman Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation American Political Science Review 1995 89 02 271 294
- Chakraborty Kaustav Avasthi Ajit Kumar Suresh Grover Sandeep Psychological and clinical correlates of functional somatic complaints in depression International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2012 58 1 87 95 21177704
- Clarke Harold D Acock Alan C National elections and political attitudes: The case of political efficacy British Journal of Political Science 1989 19 4 551 562
- Flavin Patrick Keane Michael J Life satisfaction and political participation: evidence from the United States Journal of Happiness Studies 2012 13 1 63 78
- Gerber Alan S Green Donald P Larimer Christopher W Social pressure and voter turnout: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment American Political Science Review 2008 102 01 33 48
- González Hector M Vega William A Williams David R Tarraf Wassim West Brady T Neighbors Harold W Depression care in the United States: too little for too few Archives of General Psychiatry 2010 67 1 37 46 20048221 PMC2887749
- Hill Kim Quaile Leighley Jan E The policy consequences of class bias in state electorates American Journal of Political Science 1992 351 365
- Hirschfeld Robert MA Keller Martin B Panico Susan Arons Bernard S Barlow David Davidoff Frank Endicott Jean Froom Jack Goldstein Michael Gorman Jack M The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression Jama 1997 277 4 333 340 9002497
- Huckfeldt Robert Sprague John Political Parties and Electoral Mobilization: Political Structure, Social Structure, and the Party Canvass American Political Science Review 1992 86 01 70 86
- Kessler Ronald C McGonagle Katherine A Zhao Shanyang Nelson Christopher B Hughes Michael Eshleman Suzann Wittchen Hans-Ulrich Kendler Kenneth S Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Archives of general psychiatry 1994 51 1 8 8279933
- Klick Jonathan Markowitz Sara Are mental health insurance mandates effective? Evidence from suicides Health Economics 2006 15 1 83 97 16145720
- Lavretsky Helen Kumar Anand Clinically significant non-major depression: old concepts, new insights The American journal of geriatric psychiatry 2002 10 3 239 255 11994211
- Lewinsohn Peter M Rohde Paul Seeley John R Klein Daniel N Gotlib Ian H Psychosocial functioning of young adults who have experienced and recovered from major depressive disorder during adolescence Journal of abnormal psychology 2003 112 3 353 12943014
- McClurg Scott D Social networks and political participation: The role of social interaction in explaining political participation Political Research Quarterly 2003 56 4 449 464
- Meadows Sarah O Brown J Scott Elder Glen H Jr Depressive symptoms, stress, and support: Gendered trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2006 35 1 89 99
- Melges Frederick T Bowlby John Types of hopelessness in psychopathological process Archives of General Psychiatry 1969 20 6 690 4890814
- Muñoz Rodrigo A McBride Margaret E Brnabic Alan JM López Carlos J Hetem Luiz Alberto B Secin Ricardo Dueñas Héctor J Major depressive disorder in Latin America: the relationship between depression severity, painful somatic symptoms, and quality of life Journal of affective disorders 2005 86 1 93 98 15820276
- Murphy Elaine The impact of depression in old age on close social relationships The American journal of psychiatry 1985 3970269
- Olfson Mark Marcus Steven C Druss Benjamin Elinson Lynn Tanielian Terri Pincus Harold Alan National trends in the outpatient treatment of depression Jama 2002 287 2 203 209 11779262
- Oliver Mike The individual and social models of disability Joint workshop of the living options Group and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians 1990 23
- Pattie Charles Johnston Ron Voter turnout at the British General Election of 1992: Rational choice, social standing or political efficacy? European Journal of Political Research 1998 33 2 263 283
- Plutzer Eric Becoming a habitual voter: Inertia, resources, and growth in young adulthood American political science review 2002 96 01 41 56
- Plutzer Eric Wiefek Nancy Family Transitions, Economic Status, and Voter Turnout Among African-American Inner-City Women* Social science quarterly 2006 87 3 658 678
- Puig-Antich Joaquim Kaufman Joan Ryan Neal D Williamson Douglas E Dahl Ronald E Lukens Ellen Todak George Ambrosini Paul Rabinovich Harris Nelson Beverly The psychosocial functioning and family environment of depressed adolescents Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1993 32 2 244 253 8444751
- Rubin Kenneth H Coplan Robert J Paying attention to and not neglecting social withdrawal and social isolation Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 2004 50 4 506 534
- Schur Lisa Adya Meera Sidelined or mainstreamed? Political participation and attitudes of people with disabilities in the United States Social Science Quarterly 2013 94 3 811 839
- Schur Lisa Shields Todd Kruse Douglas Schriner Kay Enabling democracy: disability and voter turnout Political Research Quarterly 2002 55 1 167 190
- Tingley Dustin Yamamoto Teppei Hirose Kentaro Keele Luke Imai Kosuke forthcoming Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis Journal of Statistical Software
- Tse Wai S Bond Alyson J The Impact of Depression on Social Skills: A Review Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2004 15060399
- Vaccarino Anthony L Sills Terrence L Evans Kenneth R Kalali Amir H Prevalence and association of somatic symptoms in patients with Major Depressive Disorder Journal of affective disorders 2008 110 3 270 276 18280580
- Verba Sidney Nie Norman H Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality 1972 University of Chicago Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kulick, A., Wernick, L. J., Woodford, M. R., & Renn, K. (2017) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1242333 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Democracy and Depression: A Cross-National Study of Depressive Symptoms and Nonparticipation
LANDWEHR, C., & OJEDA, C. (2021) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055420000830 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to study democratic backsliding
Druckman, J. N. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12942 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ojeda, C.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ojeda, Christopher
- ORCID
- Ojeda, Christopher
- Venue
- Social Science Quarterly
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-06-09
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1226-1243
- ISSN
- 0038-4941 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-6237
- PMC
- PMC4764256
- OpenAlex
- W1902997631
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 39.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Social Science Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Russell Sage Foundation (83-13-12)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- depression, political participation, voting behavior, adolescent depression, educational attainment, partisan affiliation, hopelessness, apathy, disability, early adulthood
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review