Detection of a Novel Sapelovirus in Central Nervous Tissue of Pigs with Polioencephalomyelitis in the USA
Open accessAbstract
An approximately 3,000 finishing swine operation in the United States experienced an outbreak of an atypical neurologic disease in 11-weeks-old pigs with an overall morbidity of 20% and case fatality rate of 30%. The clinical onset and progression of signs in affected pigs varied but included inappetence, compromised ambulation, ataxia, incoordination, mental dullness, paresis, paralysis and decreased response to environmental stimuli. Tissues from affected pigs were submitted for diagnostic investigation. Histopathologic examination of the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord revealed severe lymphoplasmacytic and necrotizing polioencephalomyelitis with multifocal areas of gliosis and neuron satellitosis, suggestive of a neurotropic viral infection. Bacterial pathogens were not isolated by culture of neurologic tissue from affected pigs. Samples tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were negative for pseudorabies virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. Immunohistochemistry for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus and Listeria was negative. Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) was identified in spinal cord by a nested PCR used to detect porcine enterovirus, porcine teschovirus and PSV. Next-generation sequencing of brainstem and spinal cord samples identified PSV and the absence of other or novel pathogens. In addition, Sapelovirus A mRNA was detected in neurons and nerve roots of the spinal cord by in situ hybridization. The PSV is genetically novel with an overall 94% amino acid identity and 86% nucleotide identity to a recently reported sapelovirus from Korea. This is the first case report in the United States associating sapelovirus with severe polioencephalomyelitis in pigs.
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Sapeloviruses cause encephalitis in domestic pigs.
“Additionally, the fox picornaviruses found here are closely related to sapeloviruses that cause encephalitis in domestic pigs (Lan et al. 2011; Schock et al. 2014; Arruda et al. 2017).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Arruda et al. 2017
The Introduction reports that porcine sapelovirus was detected in pigs with neurologic disease and severe polioencephalomyelitis. The Diagnostics section says the virus was associated with the lesions but explicitly notes that disease causation has not been established. Thus the paper supports an association in domestic pigs, not the unqualified claim that sapeloviruses cause encephalitis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Schock, A., Gurrala, R., Fuller, H., Foyle, L., Dauber, M., Martelli, F., Scholes, S., Roberts, L., Steinbach, F., & Dastjerdi, A. (2014) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.001 · Cited by 74 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Although its pathogenic potential in swine has not been completely elucidated, PSV has been detected in pigs with neurologic disease in the United Kingdom (Schock et al., 2014).”
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Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes
Campbell, S. J., Ashley, W., Gil-Fernandez, M., Newsome, T. M., Di Giallonardo, F., Ortiz-Baez, A. S., Mahar, J. E., Towerton, A. L., Gillings, M., Holmes, E. C., et al. (2020) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veaa065 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Arruda, P. H. E., Arruda, B. L., Schwartz, K. J., Vannucci, F., Resende, T., Rovira, A., Sundberg, P., Nietfeld, J., & Hause, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Iowa State University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Swine Health Information Center; Perry IA USA
- Kansas State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arruda, P. H. E.
- Venue
- Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-02-03
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 311-315
- ISSN
- 1865-1674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2584223148
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Transboundary and Emerging Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Swine Health Information Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- porcine sapelovirus, polioencephalomyelitis, novel virus detection, viral neurotropism, spinal cord, cerebellum, atypical porcine pestivirus, porcine teschovirus, in situ hybridization, fattening pigs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Encephalomyelitis, Enzootic Porcine, Enterovirus Infections, Enteroviruses, Porcine, Immunohistochemistry, Nerve Tissue, Picornaviridae, Picornaviridae Infections, RNA Viruses, Swine, Swine Diseases, United States, Polymerase Chain Reaction, In Situ Hybridization, Circoviridae Infections
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