The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessing Heritage Resources in St. Croix Post‐Hurricanes Irma and Maria
Abstract
In the summer of 2017, we, as members of the Society of Black Archaeologists (SBA), initiated a sustainable archaeological project on the island of St. Croix in collaboration with several local and international partners. Only a few months later, Hurricanes Irma and Maria devastated much of the US Virgin Islands causing substantial loss in life and property, widespread displacement, damage to infrastructure, and negative impacts to important historical landscapes and heritage resources. This article outlines the effects of hurricane damage on African diaspora heritage sites in St. Croix and our response as Black archaeologists committed to community empowerment. Learning from the recent events, we offer recommendations for standardized methods of site documentation that can be adopted by archaeologists and heritage professionals working in the circum‐Caribbean to better assess site damage and develop protective conservation techniques before major catastrophic events.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In St. Croix, legal protections from government sources are extended mainly to sites with standing sugar mills and other spaces of colonial occupation, and not to sites associated with spirit trees, unmarked graves, oral histories, and other African diasporic heritage, which arguably hold greater importance within the Crucian community.
“While in contrast legal protections from government sources are extended mainly to sites with standing sugar mills and other spaces of colonial occupation in St. Croix, the same equitable protection is not extended to sites associated with extensive archival holdings, standing spirit trees or unmarked graves, or spaces with oral histories associated with independent Black markets, Free Black hom”
From Creating Community and Engaging Community: The Foundations of the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands (2022) · cites this paper as Dunnavant et al. 2018
Historically, Black archaeology projects emerged as a direct result of community agitation and ensured that descendant community concerns remained paramount to researchers' ambitions.
“Historically, Black archaeology projects-such as the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG), the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project (ELPAP; Dunnavant et al. 2018), Walter C. Pierce Community Park Project (Dunnavant 2017), and others-emerged as a direct result of community agitation and ensured that descendant community concerns remained paramount to researchers' ambitions.”
From “The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist”: Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter (2021) · cites this paper as Dunnavant et al. 2018
Citations
Cites
Stubbs, Q. A., Yeo, I., Lang, M., Townshend, J., Sun, L., Prestegaard, K. L., & Jantz, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Coastal Research · doi:10.2112/1551-5036-si.54.fmi · Cited by 1,814
Reconstruction of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: A research perspective
Kates, R. W., Colten, C. E., Laska, S. B., & Leatherman, S. P. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605726103 · Cited by 768
Rogers, C. S., & Beets, J. (2001) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892901000340 · Cited by 156
A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855
Chenoweth, M. (2006) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2 · Cited by 122
A brief history of the Caribbean: from the Arawak and the Carib to the present
Rogoziński, J. (1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2267 · Cited by 119
Impact of Hurricane Hugo on Bird Populations on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands
Askins, R. A., & Ewert, D. N. (1991) · Biotropica · doi:10.2307/2388270 · Cited by 76
Haiti: post-earthquake lessons learned from traditional construction
AUDEFROY, J. F. (2011) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247811418736 · Cited by 54
Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria: how natural were these ‘natural disasters’?
Shuckburgh, E. F., Mitchell, D., & Stott, P. A. (2017) · Weather · doi:10.1002/wea.3190 · Cited by 31
Archaeology for the Next Generation
Odewale, A., Dunnavant, J., Flewellen, A., & Jones, A. (2018) · Anthropology News · doi:10.1111/an.729 · Cited by 22
Self-citationSurveying Coastal Archaeological Sites Damaged by Hurricane Sandy in Rhode Island, USA
Ives, T. H., McBride, K. A., & Waller, J. N. (2017) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2017.1284961 · Cited by 21
Samson, A., Crawford, C. A., Hoogland, M. L. P., & Hofman, C. L. (2015) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-015-9741-5 · Cited by 17
Bagwell, M. (2009) · Archaeologies · doi:10.1007/s11759-009-9102-3 · Cited by 10
Odewale, A., Foster, H. T., & Torres, J. M. (2017) · Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage · doi:10.1080/21619441.2017.1290959 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMonroe, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Haitian studies · doi:10.1353/jhs.2017.0015 · Cited by 8
Haiti. Making Culture a Motor of Reconstruction
Bandarin, F. (2011) · AirIuav (Università Iuav di Venezia) · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Donoghue Eddie, 2007, Negro Slavery: Slave Society and Slave Life in the Danish West Indies.
- Flewellen Ayana, 2012, Newsletter. Spring.
- Fowler John M.., 1976, Wake Forest Law Review, 12, 31
- ISPAN., 2010, Bulletin de L'ISPAN, 9, 1
- ISPAN., 2010, Bulletin de L'ISPAN, 10, 1
- Jensen Niklas, 1803, For the Health of the Enslaved: Enslaved Africans, Medicine and Power in the Danish West Indies
- Kurin Richard, Saving Haiti's Heritage: Cultural Recovery after the Earthquake
- Lord J. Dennis, 1991, Area, 23, 229
- Odewale Alicia, 2018, Anthropology News website
- Oldendorp C. G. A., St. Croix, and St. John. Translated by A. R. Highfield and V. Barac.
- Richardson Bonham, 1983, Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
- Wright Russell, National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination Form.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
“The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist”: Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter
Flewellen, A. O., Dunnavant, J. P., Odewale, A., Jones, A., Wolde-Michael, T., Crossland, Z., & Franklin, M. (2021) · American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/aaq.2021.18 · Cited by 151
Self-citationThe Future is Now: Archaeology and the Eradication of Anti-Blackness
Franklin, M., Dunnavant, J. P., Flewellen, A. O., & Odewale, A. (2020) · International Journal of Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s10761-020-00577-1 · Cited by 140
Self-citationRomão, X., & Bertolin, C. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102652 · Cited by 65
Flewellen, A. O., Odewale, A., Dunnavant, J., Jones, A., & White, W. (2022) · International Journal of Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s10761-021-00600-z · Cited by 43
Self-citationHaitian Archaeological Heritage: Understanding Its Loss and Paths to Future Preservation
Jean, J. S., Joseph, M., Louis, C., & Michel, J. (2020) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage3030041 · Cited by 11
Perry, K. (2024) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2024.2370926 · Cited by 14
Subsistence as Transformative Practice: The Zooarchaeology of Slavery in the Colonial Caribbean
Wallman, D. (2020) · Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage · doi:10.1080/21619441.2021.1902228 · Cited by 13
Howland, M. D., & Thompson, V. D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297178 · Cited by 13
Omilade Flewellen, A. (2019) · Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling · doi:10.7146/ntik.v7i2.118481 · Cited by 12
Self-citationChapter 23 : US Caribbean. Fifth National Climate Assessment
Méndez‐Lázaro, P., Chardón-Maldonado, P., Carrubba, L., Álvarez-Berríos, N. L., Barreto-Orta, M., Bowden, J. H., Crespo-Acevedo, W. I., Diaz, E. L., Gardner, L. S., González, G., et al. (2023) · doi:10.7930/nca5.2023.ch23 · Cited by 9
Cryptic coral community composition across environmental gradients
Cabacungan, G. N., Kankanamalage, T. N. W., Azam, A. F., Collins, M. R., Arratia, A. R., Gutting, A. N., Matz, M. V., & Black, K. L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318653 · Cited by 7
White, W. A. (2022) · Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage · doi:10.1080/21619441.2022.2034365 · Cited by 5
Self-citationHeritage and the Archaeology of Afro-Peru: Community Engagement in the Valleys of Nasca
Weaver, B. J. M., Bazán, M. Á. F., & Quispe, L. S. (2022) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s41636-021-00309-0 · Cited by 4
Jean, J. S., & Michel, J. (2023) · Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage · doi:10.1080/21619441.2023.2301153 · Cited by 3
Local Voices, the Uses of Archaeological Heritage in the Caribbean
Jean, J. S., Malatesta, E. H., & Jacobson, K. (2024) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004692947_002 · Cited by 1
Ahlman, T. M., & McKeown, A. H. (2021) · Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage · doi:10.1080/21619441.2021.2013711 · Cited by 1
John L. Cotter Award in Historical Archaeology: Alexandra Jones
Cuthbertson, T. J. (2022) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s41636-022-00358-z
Cuthbertson, T. J. (2024) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s41636-024-00492-w
Conservation and Management of Coastal Archaeological Sites
Reeder-Myers, L. A., & Fulmer, N. W. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197607770.013.46
Climate Change Impacts on Cultural Heritage: Open Challenges and Lessons Learned
Riggio, M., Napolitano, R., Curmi, A., Ferreira, T. M., Pecchioli, L., Ferrero, C., Vallis, S., Chen, X., Dong, Q., Giardina, G., et al. (2026) · Rilem bookseries · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13469-1_156
Representations of Slavery and Its Legacies
Webster, J., Cossin, Z. A., Dunnavant, J. P., & Joshel, S. R. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197551295.003.0013
Self-citationDunnavant, J. P., & Flewellen, A. O. (2026) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/742838
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunnavant, J. P., Flewellen, A. O., Jones, A., Odewale, A., & White, W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Tulsa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dunnavant, Justin P.
- Venue
- Transforming Anthropology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2018-10-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-172
- ISSN
- 1051-0559 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-7466
- OpenAlex
- W2893801135
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 10.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transforming Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Park Service
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
- Keywords
- Hurricane Maria, Hurricane Irma, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, cultural heritage preservation, site documentation, community empowerment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review