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Cited by 151Historical and Cultural Archaeology StudiesRace, History, and American SocietyCultural Identity and Heritage

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 151 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 64 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

“The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist”: Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter

Open access
Flewellen, Ayana Omilade, Dunnavant, Justin P., Odewale, Alicia, Jones, Alexandra, Wolde-Michael, Tsione, Crossland, Zoë, Franklin, Maria·2021·American Antiquity
DOI 10.1017/aaq.2021.18
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Abstract

This forum builds on the discussion stimulated during an online salon in which the authors participated on June 25, 2020, entitled “Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter,” and which was cosponsored by the Society of Black Archaeologists (SBA), the North American Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG), and the Columbia Center for Archaeology. The online salon reflected on the social unrest that gripped the United States in the spring of 2020, gauged the history and conditions leading up to it, and considered its rippling throughout the disciplines of archaeology and heritage preservation. Within the forum, the authors go beyond reporting the generative conversation that took place in June by presenting a road map for an antiracist archaeology in which antiblackness is dismantled.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This forum argues that archaeology must dismantle antiblackness and rebuild as an antiracist, Black feminist, Black Study–rooted praxis. It offers a four-phase roadmap and calls for accomplices, public heritage reorientation, and mentorship to retain Black archaeologists.

Key findings

  • The authors define antiblackness, drawing on Vargas, as the “fundamental, structural, ubiquitous, and unique” logic of Black suffering and subjugation, and they call for an antiracist archaeology that dismantles it.
  • They propose a four-phase approach: Phase I demolition of barriers to racial equity; Phase II foundational construction with accomplices rather than allies; Phase III rebuilding through clarified understandings of race; and Phase IV sustainability through mentorship.
  • They argue Black archaeology is more than archaeology of the African diaspora or archaeology done by people of African descent; it requires methodological and theoretical reconceptualization rooted in Black Studies and Black feminism, with intersectional, collaborative, and political practice.
  • For public heritage, they argue BLM monument contestation should shift focus from preservation/removal toward interrogating which histories are chosen to steward, and they discuss preserving damage or displaying damaged monuments.
  • Contextual numbers include: in the 1994 SAA membership survey, only 2 of over 1,600 respondents self-identified as Black; based on a rough SBA membership estimate, Black archaeologists increased from a handful to over 80 in two decades; the June 25, 2020 salon had over 1,700 Zoom attendees, its Vimeo recording was viewed over 2,000 times in two months, and the event series produced a 40-page resource guide.

Methods

  • The article is a forum piece building on the June 25, 2020 online salon “Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter,” cosponsored by the Society of Black Archaeologists, the North American Theoretical Archaeology Group, and the Columbia Center for Archaeology.
  • The authors use the most-engaged tweeted panelist quotations as guideposts, then collaboratively expand on them, producing a polyvocal discourse; the event series also included a read-in and a workshop.
  • No original data were presented; the piece is a commentary/roadmap rather than an empirical study.

Limitations

  • Stated: “No original data were presented in this article.”
  • Evident: as a forum/commentary, it does not systematically test the four-phase approach or measure outcomes; recommendations rest on the authors’ and salon participants’ perspectives.
  • Evident: the Zoom and Vimeo figures describe reach, not representativeness or effectiveness, and no formal sampling or evaluation is reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/aaq.2021.18

Cites

151 of 151 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 64 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Black Studies underwent a process of co-optation in the 1980s as it became more firmly entrenched in academia and the orders of knowledge it was initially intended to oppose.

    “Afro-Caribbean theorist Sylvia Wynter (2006), however, argues that Black Studies underwent a process of co-optation in the 1980s as it became more firmly entrenched in academia and the orders of knowledge it was initially intended to oppose.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wynter 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    The founding of the Society of Black Archaeologists in 2011 demonstrates that concerted efforts to recruit and train Black graduate students have made an impact.

    “The fact that there were enough Black archaeologists in 2011 to prompt the founding of the SBA demonstrates that the concerted efforts to recruit and train Black graduate students have made an impact.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    CRT protocols encourage students to bring their own cultural perspective into the process of knowledge production early on-not only after years of studying the canon.

    “CRT protocols encourage students to bring their own cultural perspective into the process of knowledge production early on-not only after years of studying the canon (Hammond 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hammond 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    This hostile environment is further fueled by policies that ignore the daily realities of racism and the power that dominant groups have to suppress the knowledge produced by those perceived to be subordinate.

    “This hostile environment is further fueled by policies that ignore the daily realities of racism and the power that dominant groups have to suppress the knowledge produced by those perceived to be subordinate (Collins 2000;Kandaswamy 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Collins 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kandaswamy 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Diversity and inclusion alone are ineffective solutions.

    “History has taught us that diversity and inclusion alone are ineffective solutions (Bradley 2018;Stewart 2016;Williamson 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bradley 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Stewart 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Williamson 1999 source
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 33
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 24
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Based on a rough estimate of the SBA's membership, the number of Black archaeologists (including those still in graduate school) has increased from a handful to over 80 in two decades.

    “Based on a rough estimate of the SBA's membership, the number of Black archaeologists (including those still in graduate school) has increased from a handful to over 80 in two decades.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Black archaeology is rooted in the tradition of Black Studies generally, and Black feminism more specifically.

    “Fundamentally, Black archaeology is rooted in the tradition of Black Studies generally, and Black feminism more specifically (Battle-Baptiste 2011; Flewellen 2017; Franklin 2001; Sterling 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Battle-Baptiste 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Flewellen 2017 source
    • cites Franklin 2001 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Failing to engage in conversations about race beyond the idea of race as a social construct further marginalizes and alienates people of color within the field.

    “Failing to engage in conversations about race beyond the idea of race as a social construct further marginalizes and alienates people of color within the field.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Universities commonly express support for programs that heighten diverse experiences across campus, and they infuse ideas of multiculturalism or racial tolerance into their curriculum or mission statements while simultaneously doing nothing to change the fact that many of these campuses are hostile to the presence of students of color.

    “Universities, for example, commonly express support for programs that heighten “diverse” experiences across campus, and they infuse ideas of multiculturalism or racial tolerance into their curriculum or mission statements while simultaneously doing nothing to change the fact that many of these campuses are “hostile to the presence of students of color” (Kandaswamy 2007:7) in their failure to recog”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kandaswamy 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In departments that are racially exclusive, Black students often feel isolated, and they seek or create alternative spaces for intellectual engagement and fellowship with other BIPOC students.

    “In departments that are racially exclusive, Black students often feel isolated, and they seek or create alternative spaces for intellectual engagement and fellowship with other BIPOC students (Blackwell 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Blackwell 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Providing supportive mentorship and addressing the racial climate of departments and professional organizations will help with Black student retention in archaeology.

    “Consequently, we posit that providing supportive mentorship and addressing the racial climate of departments and professional organizations will help with Black student retention in archaeology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The statement All Lives Matter implores us to ignore race-based differences in favor of a homogenized human race, at the expense of the very real results of processes of racialization that are experienced as unequal access to education, health disparities, and vulnerability to sexual exploitation, among other injustices.

    “The statement “All Lives Matter” implores us to ignore race-based differences in favor of a homogenized human race, at the expense of the very real results of processes of racialization that are experienced as unequal access to education, health disparities, and vulnerability to sexual exploitation, among other injustices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Historically, Black archaeology projects emerged as a direct result of community agitation and ensured that descendant community concerns remained paramount to researchers' ambitions.

    “Historically, Black archaeology projects-such as the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG), the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project (ELPAP; Dunnavant et al. 2018), Walter C. Pierce Community Park Project (Dunnavant 2017), and others-emerged as a direct result of community agitation and ensured that descendant community concerns remained paramount to researchers' ambitions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dunnavant et al. 2018 source
    • cites Dunnavant 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    What is left behind are layers of challenges that render the invisibility of BIPOC groups in archaeology.

    “What is left behind are layers of challenges that render the invisibility of BIPOC groups in archaeology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Racism is more than abstract intellectual tirades but a daily lived reality that is simultaneously systemic, institutional, and structural.

    “What this sentiment fails to acknowledge is that racism is “more than abstract intellectual tirades” but a daily lived reality that is simultaneously systemic, institutional, and structural (Battle-Baptiste 2011:24).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Battle-Baptiste 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Imposing pro-white-supremacy statues were meant to instill fear, regulate space, and intentionally assault Black people's psyche.

    “Imposing pro-white-supremacy statues-many of which made their way into public squares with the collapse of Reconstruction-were meant to instill fear, regulate space, and intentionally assault Black people's psyche (Upton 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Upton 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The global civil unrest we all experienced in 2020 will have a rippling effect throughout the world for years to come.

    “The global civil unrest we all experienced in 2020 will have a rippling effect throughout the world for years to come.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Heritage professionals have responded to conscious acts of destruction and removal of monuments with tepid support as well as with division and debate on what kind of afterlife the objects should have.

    “Heritage professionals have responded to these conscious acts of destruction and removal with tepid support as well as with division and debate on what kind of afterlife the objects should have (Labode 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Labode 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Diversity boxes are checked by institutions without any real systemic changes, as people are recruited into toxic environments that do not support their retention.

    ““Diversity boxes” are checked by institutions without any real systemic changes, as people are recruited into toxic environments that do not support their retention (Stewart 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stewart 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    As Ta-Nehisi Coates observed, Race is the child of racism and not the father.

    “As Ta-Nehisi Coates (2015:7) observed, “Race is the child of racism and not the father.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coates 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Students often feel exploited, especially when their labor goes unrecognized, and they feel powerless to end the relationship.

    “Students often feel exploited, especially when their labor goes unrecognized, and they feel powerless to end the relationship (Johnson and Huwe 2002;Remaker et al. 2019;Robinson et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Johnson and Huwe 2002 source
    • cites Remaker et al. 2019 source
    • cites Robinson et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Black Lives Matter activists on the ground are demonstrating the possibilities of a Black archaeology through disruptive engagement with historical sites and monuments.

    “Black Lives Matter activists on the ground are demonstrating the possibilities of a Black archaeology through disruptive engagement with historical sites and monuments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Black communities historically opposed racist monuments through a variety of strategies, including sustained engagement with defacement that has persisted to the present day.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Black archaeology has yet to realize its full potential and by its very nature escapes concrete definition.

    “Black archaeology has yet to realize its full potential and by its very nature escapes concrete definition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Ibram X. Kendi argues that there is no such thing as a nonracist or raceneutral policy, given that the policies that govern our lives all produce or sustain either racial inequity or equity between racial groups.

    “Consequently, Ibram X. Kendi argues that “there is no such thing as a nonracist or raceneutral policy,” given that the policies that govern our lives all produce or sustain “either racial inequity or equity between racial groups” (Kendi 2019:18).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kendi 2019

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    There is an entanglement of race, class, sexuality, gender, and other forms of difference that simultaneously oppress Black women.

    “First, there is an entanglement of race, class, sexuality, gender, and other forms of difference that simultaneously oppress Black women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Educators devote years of study to antiracist and feminist pedagogies, and they view teaching and mentoring as ongoing processes.

    “Educators devote years of study to antiracist and feminist pedagogies, and they view teaching and mentoring as ongoing processes (Blakeney 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Blakeney 2005 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Studies have shown that attrition commonly stems from negative mentoring relationships, which are especially harmful to students of color.

    “Studies have shown that attrition commonly stems from negative mentoring relationships, which are especially harmful to students of color (Johnson and Huwe 2002;Remaker et al. 2019;Robinson et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Johnson and Huwe 2002 source
    • cites Remaker et al. 2019 source
    • cites Robinson et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation

    Without the commitment and followthrough to dismantle systemic racism, statements of solidarity are merely a tactic of self-preservation to quiet complaints and concerns from stakeholders.

    “Without the commitment and followthrough to dismantle systemic racism, however, these statements are merely a tactic of selfpreservation to quiet complaints and concerns from stakeholders (students of color and their supporters, trustees, and nervous donors; Stewart 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stewart 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These challenges are discouraging for students of color, and as a result, they are often unmotivated to pursue their studies.

    “These challenges are discouraging for students of color, and as a result, they are often unmotivated to pursue their studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Social media platforms such as Twitter have become the frontline for civic engagement as well as one of the main methods of communication for social movements that incite societal change, such as The Movement for Black Lives.

    “In addition, social media platforms such as Twitter have become the frontline for civic engagement as well as one of the main methods of communication for social movements that incite societal change, such as The Movement for Black Lives (Franklin et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Franklin et al. 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Racism is a visceral experience that enacts individual, institutional, and generational violence on the body.

    “Racism is a visceral experience that enacts individual, institutional, and generational violence on the body.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The common ground for many Black archaeologists is African diaspora archaeology and a commitment to addressing inequality in the treatment of cultural resources and historical narratives of marginalized groups within archival spaces, through community-based research, and in field-based educational practices.

    “The common ground for many is African diaspora archaeology and a commitment to addressing inequality in the treatment of cultural resources and historical narratives of marginalized groups (Agbe-Davies 2014 ;Flewellen 2017;Martin 2019;Ogundiran and Falola 2007;Singleton 1999Singleton , 2010;;White 2010White , 2017) ) within archival spaces (Flewellen 2020), through community-based research (Agbe-D”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Agbe-Davies 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Flewellen 2017 source
    • cites Martin 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Because Black women's positionalities differ from those of Black men and white women, their experiences, perspectives, and struggles are likewise distinctive.

    “Second, because Black women's positionalities differ from those of Black men and white women, their experiences, perspectives, and struggles are likewise distinctive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Black women's insights into multiple forms of subjugation are invaluable in recognizing and dismantling them.

    “And third, Black women's insights into multiple forms of subjugation are invaluable in recognizing and dismantling them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Anna Agbe-Davies wrote that the presumed lure of African American archaeology will not be enough to attract and retain black archaeologists.

    “Anna Agbe-Davies (2002:27) once wrote that the “presumed lure of African American archaeology will not be enough to attract and retain black archaeologists.””
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agbe-Davies 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Antiracist practices are learned: it is erroneous to assume that BIPOC colleagues are natural experts in race work.

    “Importantly, antiracist practices are learned: it is erroneous to assume that BIPOC colleagues are natural experts in race work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Antiracist and feminist pedagogies require faculty to continually examine their position of power in relation to their students as well as the way it impacts their mentoring.

    “Importantly, antiracist and feminist pedagogies require faculty to continually examine their position of power in relation to their students as well as the way it impacts their mentoring (Blakeney 2005:126-127;Hanna 2019;Kishimoto 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Blakeney 2005 source
    • cites Hanna 2019 source
    • cites Kishimoto 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    This rhetoric argues that because race is a social construct, it is not real, and as a result, racism is also not real.

    “This rhetoric argues that because race is a social construct, it is not real, and as a result, racism-or the marriage of policies and ideas designed to perpetuate and normalize racial inequalities-is also not real (Kendi 2019:18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kendi 2019

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Black feminist praxis is rooted in the conceptualization of the kitchen table as a space where Black people-specifically Black women-gather communally to support one another and collectively envision a world after the dismantling of structural oppression.

    “This praxis is rooted in the conceptualization of the kitchen table as a space where Black people-specifically Black womengather communally to support one another and collectively envision a world after the dismantling of structural oppression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Smith and Smith 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The American Anthropological Association's RACE: Are We So Different? project acknowledges that the social perception of race is part of a daily lived experience for Black, Indigenous, and people of color groups, and it presents real challenges with regard to housing, employment, and overall safety in this country.

    “It also acknowledges that the social perception of race is part of a daily lived experience for Black, Indigenous, and people of color groups, and it presents real challenges with regard to housing, employment, and overall safety in this country (Goodman et al. 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Goodman et al. 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Racism does not fully encapsulate all of the vectors of oppression that most Blacks and other people of color currently experience.

    “Yet, racism does not fully encapsulate all of the vectors of oppression that most Blacks and other people of color currently experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Black feminists have consistently advocated for the liberation of Black women, with the understanding that justice for them is justice for all people.

    “Consequently, Black feminists have consistently advocated for the liberation of Black women, with the understanding that justice for them is justice for all people (Combahee River Collective 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Combahee River Collective 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Across various disciplines, graduate students' negative experiences are largely due to either mentor unavailability, problematic mentor behavior, an inability to meet mentors' expectations, and feelings of inadequacy.

    “Across various disciplines, graduate students' negative experiences are largely due to either mentor unavailability, problematic mentor behavior, an inability to meet mentors' expectations, and feelings of inadequacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation

    Black feminist thought illuminates the epistemological and pedagogical value in peeling back the quotidian to expose systemic forms of power and oppression.

    “Black feminist thought undergirds both the salon and this article, illuminating the epistemological and pedagogical value in peeling back the quotidian to expose systemic forms of power and oppression (Collins 1986(Collins , 2000)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Collins 1986 source
    • cites Collins 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    These challenges include socially segregated classroom spaces, the delegitimizing of antiracist scholarship and anything that challenges the archaeology canon or attempts to democratize archaeological knowledge, the dismissal of nonacademic persons and their ways of knowing as invalid, and research agendas that perpetuate exploitative and colonial power dynamics.

    “These challenges include socially segregated classroom spaces, the delegitimizing of antiracist scholarship and anything that challenges the archaeology canon or attempts to democratize archaeological knowledge, the dismissal of nonacademic persons and their ways of knowing as invalid, and research agendas that perpetuate exploitative and colonial power dynamics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation

    Archaeology and heritage work are never just intellectual exercises-they have always been political.

    “Archaeology and heritage work are never just intellectual exercises-they have always been political (e.g., Barile 2004;Davidson and Brandon 2012;Franklin and Paynter 2010;Gould and Pyburn 2017;Joseph 2004;Little and Shackel 2014;Trigger 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Barile 2004 source
    • cites Davidson and Brandon 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Franklin and Paynter 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Allies are not helping to change a system; instead, they are using it to position themselves as undercover agents of the system from which their power flows.

    “Allies, however, are not helping to change a system.Instead, they are using it to position themselves as undercover agents of the system from which their power flows.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The future of archaeology is antiracist or it is nothing.

    “To her words we add, “The future of archaeology is antiracist or it is nothing.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Whitney Battle-Baptiste tweeted, The future of archaeology is antiracist.

    “Two days after the June 2020 salon, Whitney Battle-Baptiste tweeted, “The future of archaeology is antiracist” (Battle-Baptiste, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Battle-Baptiste 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The sustainability of an antiracist archaeology relies on an investment in the mentorship of Black students and in the support of Black faculty as part of a practice of communal care.

    “Finally, the sustainability of an antiracist archaeology relies on an investment in the mentorship of Black students and in the support of Black faculty as part of a practice of communal care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
45 of 45

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effects of a global pandemic coupled with police brutality against Black people made stark racial disparities hypervisible to the larger public.

    “Together, both made stark racial disparities, already known and experienced by Black Americans, hypervisible to the larger public.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    State-sanctioned violence against Black people is underwritten within the founding of the United States of America.

    “State-sanctioned violence against Black people is underwritten within the founding of the United States of America, so it is ages old.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The hypervisibility of Black death seen through the coupling of COVID-19 and police brutality has had effects that have rippled through the profession as archaeologists confront the field's racist foundations.

    “But the hypervisibility of Black death seen through the coupling of COVID-19 and police brutality has had effects that have rippled through the profession as archaeologists confront the field's racist foundations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The murder of George Floyd and the disproportionate number of people of color, especially African Americans, dying from COVID-19 have underscored racial inequality as America's dominant social problem.

    “The murder of George Floyd and the disproportionate number of people of color, especially African Americans, dying from COVID-19 have underscored racial inequality as America's dominant social problem.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The interventions of Black feminists are consistently sidelined in conversations around inequality within public and private domains.

    “The interventions of Black feminists are consistently sidelined in conversations around inequality within public and private domains.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The discipline has witnessed previous interventions (e.g., the New Archaeology, feminist archaeology, post-processualism) whereby archaeologists promoted new agendas, methods, and theories.

    “The discipline has witnessed previous interventions (e.g., the New Archaeology, feminist archaeology, post-processualism) whereby archaeologists promoted new agendas, methods, and theories.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Black communities historically opposed racist monuments through a variety of strategies, including sustained engagement with defacement that has persisted to the present day.

    “Black communities historically opposed these monuments through a variety of strategies, including sustained engagement with defacement that has persisted to the present day.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Renovations happen silently without recognition of vandalism, and the monumentality of these racist objects is often normalized as part of the everyday.

    “In addition, renovations happen silently without recognition of vandalism, and, most dangerously, the monumentality of these racist objects is often normalized as part of the everyday.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The lesser known history of radical Black dissent is regularly either rendered invisible or demonized.

    “Moreover, the lesser known history of radical Black dissent is regularly either rendered invisible or demonized.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reducing care guidelines and prioritizing the preservation of damage are already being considered.

    “For instance, reducing care guidelines and prioritizing the preservation of damage are already being considered.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Keeping up defaced and destroyed monuments has been proposed as a striking alternative to removal.

    “From an interpretive standpoint too, keeping up defaced and destroyed monuments has been proposed as a striking alternative to removal.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The possible display of damaged monuments in museums is being discussed as a way to cut through some of the risks of reinforcing white supremacist history in white spaces.

    “Similarly, the possible display of damaged monuments in museums is being discussed as a way to cut through some of the risks of reinforcing white supremacist history in white spaces.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the United States, nonwhite racialized groups experience larger wealth and income gaps, higher poverty rates, lower home ownership, failing school systems, and higher incarceration rates than their nonwhite counterparts.

    “In the United States, this daily reality impacts nonwhite racialized groups in many different ways-for example, families of African descent wrestle with a larger wealth and income gap, higher poverty rates, lower rates of home ownership, failing school systems in “urban areas,” and higher incarceration rates than their nonwhite counterparts.”
13 of 13

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Current academic structures are inept at supporting and recognizing the necessary forms of collaboration and scholarship needed to develop community-based archaeology.

    “This further demonstrates that current academic structures are inept at supporting and recognizing the necessary forms of collaboration and scholarship needed to develop community-based archaeology (Flewellen et al. 2021; Franklin et al. 2020).”

    From Creating Community and Engaging Community: The Foundations of the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands (2022) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al. 2021

  • The Montpelier case gestures towards a new position for archaeologists along the collaborative continuum as 'accomplices'.

    “Rather than reinforcing this exclusive power, the Montpelier case gestures towards a new position for archaeologists along the collaborative continuum as 'accomplices' (Flewellen et al. 2021).”

    From The future of archaeology is (still) community collaboration (2023) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al. 2021

  • The small but growing number of Black archaeologists in the field has changed not only who is involved in archaeology but also how collaborative research is conducted with African Diaspora communities.

    “The small but growing number of Black archaeologists in the field has changed not only who is involved in archaeology but also how collaborative research is conducted with African Diaspora communities (Flewellen et al. 2021(Flewellen et al. , 2022;;Reid 2022;White 2022).”

    From The future of archaeology is (still) community collaboration (2023) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al. 2021

  • In the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement and the global COVID-19 pandemic, organizations have been forced to consider anew the kinds of work they will nurture, and such nurturing will require iterative dismantling and rebuilding.

    “in the wake of this most recent wave of the Black Lives Matter movement and the global COVID-19 pandemic, these organizations have been forced to consider anew the kinds of work they will nurture moving forward, and the many ways that such nurturing will require an iterative process of dismantling and rebuilding (Archaeology Centers Coalition, 2021;Flewellen et al., 2021).”

    From Heritage as liberation (2023) · cites this paper as Flewellen et al., 2021

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Jones, 2011, Archaeology and My Mission to Empower the Youth of My Community, SAA Archaeological Record, 11, 30
  2. Hartman, 2019, Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals
  3. Watson, 2020, Allyship and Accomplice: Two Sides of the Same Coin, Equity Dispatch, 4, 2
  4. Rutecki, 2016, Towards an Inclusive Queer Archaeology, SAA Archaeological Record, 16, 9
  5. Khan-Cullors, 2017, When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir
  6. Nassaney, 2011, Race and the Society for Historical Archaeology: Steps towards Claiming an Antiracist Institutional Identity, SHA Newsletter, 44, 4
  7. Agbe-Davies, 2010b, Archaeology as a Tool to Illuminate and Support Community Struggles in the Black Metropolis of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, Public Archaeology, 9, 171
  8. Agbe-Davies, 2002, Black Scholars, Black Pasts, SAA Archaeological Record, 2, 24
  9. Labode, 2016, Reconsideration of Memorials and Monuments, AASLH History News, 71, 7
  10. Colwell-Chanthaphonh, 2008, Collaboration in Archaeological Practice: Engaging Descendant Communities
  11. Sharpe, 2016, In the Wake: On Blackness and Being
  12. Harden, 2019, Moving from Ally to Accomplice: How Far Are You Willing to Go to Disrupt Racism in the Workplace?, Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 36, 32
  13. Kandaswamy, 2007, Beyond Colorblindness and Multiculturalism: Rethinking Antiracist Pedagogy in the University Classroom, Radical Teacher, 80, 6
  14. Reeves, 2004, Places in Mind: Public Archaeology as Applied Anthropology, 71
  15. Carey, Mia 2019 Toward an Antiracist Archeology. Activist History Review, September 27. https://activisthistory.com/2019/09/27/toward-an-antiracist-archeology/#_edn2, accessed July 28, 2020.
  16. Coates, 2015, Between the World and Me

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Flewellen, A. O., Dunnavant, J. P., Odewale, A., Jones, A., Wolde-Michael, T., Crossland, Z., & Franklin, M.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Riverside (US)
  • Vanderbilt University (US)
  • University of Tulsa (US)
  • Smithsonian Institution (US)
  • Columbia University (US)
  • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author
Flewellen, Ayana Omilade
ORCID
Flewellen, Ayana Omilade
Venue
American Antiquity
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2021-04
Volume
86
Issue
2
Pages
224-243
ISSN
  • 0002-7316 (ISSN-L)
  • 2325-5064
DOI
10.1017/aaq.2021.18
OpenAlex
W3154196164
Semantic Scholar
6da47e9f81cd45a959a88aa51dd83a54abe3dab0
Cited by
151
References
149
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 5
FWCI
48.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
American Antiquity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural Identity and Heritage
Keywords
Black Lives Matter, anti-Blackness, cultural heritage preservation, social unrest, decolonizing archaeology, racial justice

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

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