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Urinary Indices during Dehydration, Exercise, and Rehydration
Abstract
This investigation evaluated the validity and sensitivity of urine color (U col ), specific gravity (U sg ), and osmolality (U osm ) as indices of hydration status, by comparing them to changes in body water. Nine highly trained males underwent a 42-hr protocol involving dehydration to 3.7% of body mass (Day 1, −2.64 kg), cycling to exhaustion (Day 2, −5.2% of body mass, −3.68 kg), and oral rehydration for 21 hr. The ranges of mean (across time) blood and urine values were U col , 1-7; U sg , 1.004-1.029; U 08m , 117-1,081 mOsm • kg −1 ; and plasma osmolality (P osm ), 280-298 mOsm ⋅ kg −1 . Urine color tracked changes in body water as effectively as (or better than) U osm , U sg , urine volume, P osm , plasma sodium, and plasma total protein. We concluded that (a) U col , U osm , and U sg are valid indices of hydration status, and (b) marked dehydration, exercise, and rehydration had little effect on the validity and sensitivity of these indices.
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“Lastly, a urine color of 8 on the chart indicates gross muscle damage and myoglobin present in the urine (rhabdomyolysis or kidney dysfunction); a patient presenting with this color should receive prompt referral and follow-up testing. 135,138”
From National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for the Physically Active (2017) · cites this paper as [138]
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Cited by
National athletic trainers’ association position statement: Exertional heat illnesses
Casa, D. J., DeMartini, J. K., Bergeron, M. F., Csillan, D., Eichner, E. R., Lopez, R. M., Ferrara, M. S., Miller, K. C., O'Connor, F., Sawka, M. N., et al. (2015) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.07 · Cited by 975
Self-citationAssessing Hydration Status: The Elusive Gold Standard
Armstrong, L. E. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719661 · Cited by 643
Self-citationMcDermott, B. P., Anderson, S. A., Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Cheuvront, S. N., Cooper, L., Kenney, W. L., O'Connor, F. G., & Roberts, W. O. (2017) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02 · Cited by 438
Self-citationCollins, J., Maughan, R. J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Phillips, S. M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961 · Cited by 303
Self-citationCasa, D. J., Clarkson, P. M., & Roberts, W. O. (2005) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306194.67241.76 · Cited by 236
Self-citationDehydration and rehydration in competative sport
Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01207.x · Cited by 167
Assessment of hydration status in a large population
Baron, S., Courbebaisse, M., Lepicard, E. M., & Friedlander, G. (2015) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514003213 · Cited by 166
Use of a Urine Color Chart to Monitor Hydration Status in Nursing Home Residents
Mentes, J. C., Wakefield, B., & Culp, K. (2006) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800405281607 · Cited by 94
Dehydration and endurance performance in competitive athletes
Goulet, E. D. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00530.x · Cited by 88
Hydration Status of Expatriate Manual Workers During Summer in the Middle East
(2009) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1093/annhyg/mep076 · Cited by 62
Metadata
- Authors
- Armstrong, L. E., Herrera Soto, J. A., Hacker, F. T., Casa, D. J., Kavouras, S. A., & Maresh, C. M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 345-355
- ISSN
- 1050-1606
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 0
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