Creatine and Glycerol Hyperhydration in Trained Subjects before Exercise in the Heat

Easton, Chris; Turner, Stephen; Pitsiladis, Yannis P.

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.70

Cited by 65Thermoregulation and physiological responsesMuscle metabolism and nutritionCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Creatine and Glycerol Hyperhydration in Trained Subjects before Exercise in the Heat

Easton, Chris, Turner, Stephen, Pitsiladis, Yannis P.·2007·International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.70

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The authors examined the effects of combined creatine (Cr) and glycerol (Gly) supplementation on responses to exercise in the heat. Subjects (N = 24) were matched for body mass and assigned to either a Cr or placebo (Pl) group. Twice daily during two 7-d supplementation regimens, the Cr group received 11.4 g of Cr·H 2 O and the Pl group received 11.4 g of glucose. Subjects in both groups also ingested 1 g of Gly/kg body mass (twice daily) in either the first or the second supplementation regimen. This design allowed 4 possible combinations of supplements to be examined (Pl/Pl, Pl/Gly, Cr/Pl, and Cr/Gly). Exercise trials were conducted pre- and post supplementation at 30 °C and 70% relative humidity. In the Pl group, total body water (TBW) increased by 0.50 ± 0.28 L after Gly and in the Cr group by 0.63 ± 0.33 L after Pl and by 0.87 ± 0.21 L after Gly. Both Cr/Pl and Cr/Gly resulted in significantly attenuated heart rate, rectal temperature, and perceived effort during exercise, although no regimen had any effect on performance. The addition of Gly to Cr significantly increased TBW more than Cr alone (P = 0.02) but did not further enhance the attenuation in HR, T re, and RPE during exercise. These data suggest that combined Cr and Gly is an effective method of hyper hydration capable of reducing thermal and cardiovascular responses.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.70

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Creatine supplementation does not increase the incidence of dehydration.
“dehydration [111, 112, 117, 122, 127–129, 242]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [122]
Other studies found that creatine supplementation did not increase the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, dehydration, muscle cramping, gastrointestinal issues, renal dysfunction, or long-term detrimental effects.
“Other studies directly assessed the merit of anecdotal reports of side effects and found that creatine supplementation did not increase the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries [84–87], dehydration [85,86,91–96], muscle cramping [80,85,86,92,97], gastrointestinal issues [84–87], promote renal dysfunction [87,89,98–107], or have long-term detrimental effects [50,87,106,108,109].”
From Safety of creatine supplementation: analysis of the prevalence of reported side effects in clinical trials and adverse event reports (2025) · cites this paper as [93]
Present findings are consistent with other safety studies on creatine supplementation and the long-term study conducted in Parkinson's patients.
“They are also consistent with other safety studies on creatine supplementation [50,80,84–87,89,91–109] and the long-term study conducted in Parkinson’s patients [74].”
From Safety of creatine supplementation: analysis of the prevalence of reported side effects in clinical trials and adverse event reports (2025) · cites this paper as [93]

Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion
BORG, G. A. V. (1982) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012 · Cited by 16,580 · see citing works
Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration.
Dill, D. B., & COSTILL, D. L. (1974) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1974.37.2.247 · Cited by 3,391 · see citing works
ACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00045 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body
Ramanathan, N. (1964) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.3.531 · Cited by 1,892 · see citing works
Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation
Harris, R. C., Söderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1992) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0830367 · Cited by 1,141 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Furthermore, combining Gly with a standard Cr supplementation regimen (17) resulted in a significantly greater increase in TBW (0.”
Background
The Composition of Foods
McCance, R. A., & Widdowson, E. M. (1960) · Biblioteca Digital (Real Academia Nacional de Medicina) · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Muscle creatine loading in men
Hultman, E., Soderlund, K., Timmons, J. A., Cederblad, G., & Greenhaff, P. L. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.232 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Human circulatory and thermoregulatory adaptations with heat acclimation and exercise in a hot, dry environment.
Nielsen, B., Hales, J. R. S., Strange, S., Christensen, N. J., Warberg, J., & Saltin, B. (1993) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019482 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis
Greenhaff, P. L., Bodin, K., Soderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.5.e725 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Creatine and Cyclocreatine Attenuate MPTP Neurotoxicity
Matthews, R. T., Ferrante, R. J., Klivènyi, P., Yang, L., Klein, A., Mueller, G., Kaddurah-Daouk, R. F., & Beal, M. F. (1999) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7049 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Respiratory weight losses during exercise.
Mitchell, J. W., NADEL, E. R., & Stolwijk, J. A. (1972) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1972.32.4.474 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Hydration effects on thermoregulation and performance in the heat
Sawka, M. N., Montain, S. J., & Latzka, W. A. (2001) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00274-4 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise
González‐Alonso, J., Mora‐Rodríguez, R., Below, P. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1487 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Effect of hyperosmolality on control of blood flow and sweating
FORTNEY, S. M., Wenger, C. B., Bove, J. R., & NADEL, E. R. (1984) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1688 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Shift in body fluid compartments after dehydration in humans
Nose, H., Mack, G. W., Shi, X., & NADEL, E. R. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.318 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Fluid ingestion during exercise increases skin blood flow independent of increases in blood volume
Montain, S. J., & Coyle, E. F. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.903 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Caffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loading
Vandenberghe, K., Gillis, N., Van Leemputte, M., Van Hecke, P., Vanstapel, F., & Hespel, P. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.80.2.452 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Bioelectrical Impedance to Estimate Changes in Hydration Status
O’Brien, C., Young, A. J., & Sawka, M. N. (2002) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2002-33145 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Hypohydration impairs endurance exercise performance in temperate but not cold air
Cheuvront, S. N., Carter, R., Castellani, J. W., & Sawka, M. N. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00329.2005 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Effects of glycerol-induced hyperhydration prior to exercise in the heat on sweating and core temperature
LYONS, T. P., Riedesel, M. L., MEULI, L. E., & Chick, T. W. (1990) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199008000-00010 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Hyperhydration: tolerance and cardiovascular effects during uncompensable exercise-heat stress
Latzka, W. A., Sawka, M. N., Montain, S. J., Skrinar, G. S., Fielding, R. A., Matott, R. P., & PANDOLF, K. B. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1858 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Glycerol hyperhydration: hormonal, renal, and vascular fluid responses
Freund, B. J., Montain, S. J., Young, A. J., Sawka, M. N., DeLuca, J. P., PANDOLF, K. B., & VALERI, C. R. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.79.6.2069 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Pre-Exercise Glycerol Hydration Improves Cycling Endurance Time
Montner, P., Stark, D., Riedesel, M., Murata, G., Robergs, R., Timms, M., & Chick, T. (1996) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-972804 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Handling of Glycerol in the Kidney
Kruhøffer, P., & Nissen, O. I. (1963) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02743.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hyperhydration with glycerol solutions
Riedesel, M. L., Allen, D. Y., Peake, G. T., & Al‐Qattan, K. K. (1987) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2262 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Physiological responses to short-term exercise in the heat after creatine loading
VOLEK, J. S., MAZZETTI, S. A., FARQUHAR, W. B., BARNES, B. R., GÓMEZ, A. L., & KRAEMER, W. J. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200107000-00006 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A simple one-step enzymatic fluorometric method for the determination of glycerol in 20 μl of plasma
Boobis, L., & Maughan, R. J. (1983) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(83)90245-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Comparison of Glycerol and Water Hydration Regimens on Tennis-Related Performance
MAGAL, M., WEBSTER, M. J., SISTRUNK, L. E., WHITEHEAD, M. T., EVANS, R. K., & BOYD, J. C. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200301000-00023 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Circulatory and respiratory adaptation during prolonged exercise.
Ekelund, L. G. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Cerebral dehydration action of glycerol; I. Historical aspects with emphasis on the toxicity and intravenous administration
Tourtellotte, W. W., Reinglass, J. L., & Newkirk, T. A. (1972) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1972132159 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Effect of Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on Thermoregulation and Metabolism during Exercise in the Heat
Anderson, M. J., Cotter, J. D., GARNHAM, A. P., Casley, D., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.3.315 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Glycerol hyperhydration improves cycle time trial performance in hot humid conditions
Hitchins, S., Martin, D. T., Burke, L. M., Yates, K., Fallon, K. E., Hahn, A., & Dobson, G. P. (1999) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050623 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Human intestinal water absorption: direct vs. indirect measurements
GISOLFI, C. V., Summers, R. W., Schedl, H. P., BLEILER, T. L., & Oppliger, R. A. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.2.g216 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Thermoregulatory Responses during Exercise in the Heat in Endurance-Trained Humans
Kilduff, L. P., Georgiades, E., James, N., Minnion, R. H., Mitchell, M., Kingsmore, D., Hadjicharalambous, M., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2004) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.4.443 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Glycerol hyperhydration fails to improve endurance performance and thermoregulation in humans in a warm humid environment
Marino, F. E., Kay, D., & Cannon, J. (2003) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1058-3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Physiological responses to glycerol ingestion during exercise
Murray, R. D., EDDY, D. E., Paul, G. L., Seifert, J. G., & Halaby, G. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.1.144 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effect of exercise hemoconcentration and hyperosmolality on exercise responses
FORTNEY, S. M., Vroman, N. B., Beckett, W. S., Permutt, S., & LaFrance, N. D. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.519 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effect of saline infusion on body temperature and endurance during heavy exercise
Deschamps, A., Levy, R. D., Cosio, M. G., Marliss, E. B., & Magder, S. A. (1989) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2799 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effect of acute plasma volume expansion on thermoregulation and exercise performance in the heat
Watt, M. J., GARNHAM, A. P., Febbraio, M. A., & Hargreaves, M. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200005000-00013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of acute expansion of plasma volume on cardiovascular and thermal function during prolonged exercise
Grant, S., Green, H. J., Phillips, S. M., & Sutton, J. R. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050261 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of Creatine on Body Composition and Strength Gains after 4 Weeks of Resistance Training in Previously Nonresistance-Trained Humans
Kilduff, L. P., Pitsiladis, Y. P., Tasker, L., Attwood, J., Hyslop, P., Dailly, A., Dickson, I., & Grant, S. (2003) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.504 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pharmacokinetics of glycerol administered orally in healthy volunteers.
Sommer, S., Nau, R., Wieland, E., & Prange, H. W. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The effect of drinking on atrial natriuretic peptide, vasopressin and thirst appreciation in hyperosmolar man
Burrell, L. M., Lambert, H. J., & Baylis, P. H. (1991) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1991.tb03527.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF GLYCEROL INGESTION ON FLUID COMPARTMENT VOLUMES, PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION, AND CYCYLING PERFORMANCE
Seifert, J. G., Luetkemeier, M. J., Schrage, W., & COLES, M. G. H. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199505001-00110 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 45 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine
Kreider, R. B., Kalman, D. S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., Candow, D. G., Kleiner, S. M., Almada, A. L., & Lopez, H. L. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies
Périard, J. D., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Daanen, H. A. M. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00038.2020 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise
Buford, T. W., Kreider, R. B., Stout, J. R., Greenwood, M., Campbell, B., Spano, M., Ziegenfuss, T., Lopez, H., Landis, J., & Antonio, J. (2007) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-6 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?
Antonio, J., Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Gualano, B., Jagim, A. R., Kreider, R. B., Rawson, E. S., Smith-Ryan, A. E., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Willoughby, D. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Guidelines for Glycerol Use in Hyperhydration and Rehydration Associated with Exercise
van Rosendal, S. P., Osborne, M. A., Fassett, R. G., & Coombes, J. S. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11530760-000000000-00000 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Putting the Myth of Creatine Supplementation Leading to Muscle Cramps and Dehydration to Rest
Dalbo, V. J., Roberts, M., Kerksick, C., & Stout, J. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.042473 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Does Creatine Supplementation Hinder Exercise Heat Tolerance or Hydration Status? A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses
Lopez, R. M., Casa, D. J., McDermott, B. P., Ganio, M. S., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2009) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.215 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential Ergogenic Effects of Glycerol Hyperhydration
Nelson, J., & Robergs, R. A. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737110-00005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sports Drinks, Exercise Training, and Competition
von Duvillard, S. P., Arciero, P. J., Tietjen-Smith, T., & Alford, K. (2008) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e31817ffa37 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited
Pérez-Castillo, Í. M., Williams, J. A. S., Chicharro, J. L., Mihic, N., Rueda, R., Bouzamondo, H., & Horswill, C. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010017 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Physiological and performance effects of glycerol hyperhydration and rehydration
van Rosendal, S. P., Osborne, M. A., Fassett, R. G., & Coombes, J. S. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00254.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hydration and the Physiological Responses to Acute Normobaric Hypoxia
Richardson, A., Watt, P., & Maxwell, N. (2009) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1580/09-weme-or-272r1.1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The effects of creatine and glycerol hyperhydration on running economy in well trained endurance runners
Beis, L. Y., Polyviou, T., Malkova, D., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2011) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-8-24 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of creatine supplementation on thermoregulation and physical (cognitive) performance: a review and future prospects
Twycross-Lewis, R., Kilduff, L. P., Wang, G., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2016) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-016-2237-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effect of Pre-Exercise Hyperhydration on Exercise Performance, Physiological Outcomes and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review
Jardine, W. T., Aisbett, B., Kelly, M. K., Burke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Condo, D., Périard, J. D., & Carr, A. J. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01885-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Part II. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?
Antonio, J., Brown, A. F., Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Ellery, S. J., Forbes, S. C., Gualano, B., Jagim, A. R., Kerksick, C., Kreider, R. B., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2441760 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Safety of creatine supplementation: analysis of the prevalence of reported side effects in clinical trials and adverse event reports
Kreider, R. B., Gonzalez, D. E., Hines, K., Gil, A., & Bonilla, D. A. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Glycerol and Glycerol-3-Phosphate: Multifaceted Metabolites in Metabolism, Cancer, and Other Diseases
Madiraju, S. R. M., Possik, E., Al‐Mulla, F., Nolan, C. J., & Prentki, M. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaf033 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions
ROSS, M. L. R., JEACOCKE, N. A., Laursen, P. B., Martin, D. T., Abbiss, C. R., & Burke, L. M. (2012) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-55 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Glycerol Use in Hyperhydration and Rehydration: Scientific Update
van Rosendal, S. P., & Coombes, J. S. (2012) · Medicine and Sport Science · doi:10.1159/000341959 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The use of creatine supplements in the military
Havenetidis, K. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2014-000400 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Functional food for exercise performance: fact or foe?
Deldicque, L., & Francaux, M. (2008) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3283139489 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effects of a high dosage of creatine and caffeine supplementation on the lean body mass composition of rats submitted to vertical jumping training
Franco, F. S. C., Costa, N. M. B., Ferreira, S. A., Carneiro‐Júnior, M. A., & Natali, A. J. (2011) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-8-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Brain serotonin and dopamine modulators, perceptual responses and endurance performance during exercise in the heat following creatine supplementation
Hadjicharalambous, M., Kilduff, L. P., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2008) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses to creatine, glycerol and alpha lipoic acid in trained cyclists
Polyviou, T. P., Pitsiladis, Y. P., Lee, W. C., Takas, P., Hambly, C., Speakman, J. R., & Malkova, D. (2012) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-29 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Personalized Nutrition for the Enhancement of Elite Athletic Performance
Sutehall, S., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70044 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Influence of Nutritional Ergogenic Aids on Exercise Heat Tolerance and Hydration Status
Lopez, R. M., & Casa, D. J. (2009) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181ae4f66 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of Glycerol and Creatine Hyperhydration on Doping-Relevant Blood Parameters
Polyviou, T. P., Easton, C., Beis, L. Y., Malkova, D., Takas, P., Hambly, C., Speakman, J. R., Koehler, K., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4091171 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Creatine in Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Negro, M., Avanzato, I., & D’Antona, G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812491-8.00008-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
From dehydration to hyperhidration isotonic and diuretic drinks and hyperhydratant aids in sport.
Urdampilleta, A., & Gómez‐Zorita, S. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.1.6775 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Alpha lipoic acid supplementation ameliorates the wrath of simulated tropical heat and humidity stress in male Murrah buffaloes
Samad, H. A., Konyak, Y. Y., Latheef, S. K., Kumar, A., Khan, I., Verma, V., Chouhan, V. S., Verma, M. R., Maurya, V. P., Kumar, P., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01750-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of free creatine therapy on cisplatin-induced renal damage
Genç, G., Okuyucu, A., Meydan, B. C., Yavuz, O., Nisbet, H. Ö., Hökelek, M., Bedir, A., & Özkaya, O. (2014) · Renal Failure · doi:10.3109/0886022x.2014.917576 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of intravenous infusion of glycerol on blood parameters and urinary glycerol concentrations
Okano, M., Nishitani, Y., Dohi, M., & Kageyama, S. (2016) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.040 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A short review of the most common safety concerns regarding creatine ingestion
Longobardi, I., Solis, M. Y., Roschel, H., & Gualano, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1682746 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Creatina: Estratégia ergogênica no meio esportivo. Uma breve revisão.
Leite, M. S. R., Sousa, S. C., Silva, F. M., & Bouzas, J. C. (2015) · Revista de Atenção à Saúde · doi:10.13037/rbcs.vol13n43.2539 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Endurance Performance and Subjective Perception in Athletes Exercising in the Heat: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Li, J., Liu, S., Wang, S., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, Q., Li, Z., Yang, S., Zhao, K., & Liu, C. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17132141 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of a novel “fluid loading” strategy on cardiovascular and haematological responses to orthostatic stress
Easton, C., Calder, A., Prior, F., Dobinson, S., I’Anson, R., MacGregor, R., Mohammad, Y., Kingsmore, D. B., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0976-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Creatina e treinamento resistido: efeito na hidratação e massa corporal magra
Zanelli, J. C., Cordeiro, B. A., Beserra, B. T. S., & Trindade, E. B. S. D. M. (2015) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-86922015210101932 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rating of perceived exertion in continuous sports: a scoping review with evidence gap map
Torres, G., Maia, F., Nakamura, F. Y., Neiva, H. P., & Sousa, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1553998 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The emerging and evolving evidence supporting creatine as an ergogenic aid: history and applications
Kerksick, C. M., Gonzalez, D. E., Stout, J. R., Forbes, S., Candow, D. G., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Marshall, R. P., Schwesig, R., & Kreider, R. B. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2646627 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effect of dietary supplements on core temperature and sweating responses in hot environmental conditions: a meta-analysis and meta-regression
Peel, J., McNarry, M. A., Heffernan, S. M., Nevola, V. R., Kilduff, L. P., & Waldron, M. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00186.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fueling the Firefighter and Tactical Athlete with Creatine: A Narrative Review of a Key Nutrient for Public Safety
Gonzalez, D. E., Forbes, S. C., Zapp, A., Jagim, A. R., Luedke, J. A., Dickerson, B. L., Root, A., Gil, A. C., Johnson, S. E., Coles, M. E., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193285 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Comparison between creatine monohydrate and creatine HCl on body composition and performance of the Brazilian Olympic team
(2019) · International Journal of Food and Nutrition Research · doi:10.28933/ijfnr-2019-05-2205 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of glycerol hyperhidration on the running economy of long-distance runners: a randomized crossover clinical trial
Herrera-Amante, C. A., García-Zepeda, G., García-Zepeda, C. E., Sepulveda, R. A. Y., Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., López‐Gil, J. F., & Ramos-García, C. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1630462 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of pre-exercise glycerol supplementation on dehydration, metabolic, kinematic, and thermographic variables in international race walkers
Martínez-Noguera, F. J., Cabizosu, A., Alcaráz, P. E., & Marín‐Pagán, C. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2346563 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Addition of Glycerol and Sodium Chloride to a Hyperhydration Protocol Does Not Improve Half-Marathon Time-Trial Performance in Trained Runners in Warm Conditions
Jardine, W. T., Condo, D., Aisbett, B., ROSS, M. L. R., Burke, L. M., Durkalec‐Michalski, K., Abbott, G., Périard, J. D., & Carr, A. J. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0268 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
DETECTION OF BLOOD DOPING IN ATHLETES (MASKING SUBSTANCES AND METHODS)
Mohammad, Y. (2010) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hyperhydration with Glycerol, Sodium, and Isomaltulose or Sucrose on Fluid Balance, Thermoregulation, and Exercise Capacity in the Heat
Otsuka, J., Okamoto, Y., Enoki, Y., Maejima, D., & Amano, T. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003776 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Creatine Supplementation Dose and Duration Are Not Associated with Increased Side Effects: A Structured Review and Study-Level Dose–Response Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Gonzalez, D. E., Dickerson, B. L., Hines, K., Chun, J., Gil, A. C., Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., & Kreider, R. B. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14040137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nutritional Strategies to Support Performance Maintenance and Recovery in Football Under Hot Environmental Conditions: A Narrative Review
Dai, X., Liu, S., Zou, D., Zou, S., Shao, X., Jiang, Y., Yan, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, K., & Liu, C. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18111695 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The physiological and renal responses to hydration status in hypoxia
Richardson, A. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validação de um Método de GC-MS para Quantificação de Glicerol em Urina
Santos, C. A. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/0jpp-xe04
Common legal supplements: an update
Grady, M. F. (2008) · Current Orthopaedic Practice · doi:10.1097/bco.0b013e3282f57a27
Resistance Training Supplements and their Potential Benefit
Hayes, L. D. (2013) · Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies · doi:10.4172/2161-0673.1000131
An evidence-based approach to the application ofthe science of sports and exercise nutrition tooptimising sporting performance
Beis, L. Y. (2012) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Comparing Hyperhydration Ability between a Glycerol Solution and a Sodium Solution on Dehydration and Performance in Runners
Marz, S. L. (2014)
Creatine Oral Supplementation : Muscle Strength, Mechanism of Action, and Loading Protocol
Park, D., Kim, Y.-J., & Lee, S. E. (2008) · Korean Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.24985/kjss.2008.19.4.18
Creatine and other nutritional supplements: issues for young athletes
Garrison, G. E. (2011) · Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)
Utilización de glicerina USP durante una restricción energética temprana en pollos de engorde
Avellaneda, Y. A., Téllez, G. A., & Ariza-Nieto, C. (2018) · Archivos de Zootecnia · doi:10.21071/az.v0i0.3886
Utilización de glicerina en sistemas de alimentación de aves
Avellaneda, Y. A. (2019)
Nutrient Timing Programs in Sport: A Case Study Approach
Kerksick, C. M. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11210-18
IMPACT OF CREATINE MONOHYDRATE ON BODY MASS OF SWIMMERS
Grahovac, G., Guzina, B., Trivun, M., & Pašić, G. (2020) · Contemporary Materials · doi:10.7251/comen2002169g
การเปรยบเทยบการเกดภาวะเอยงของกระดกเชงกรานขณะวงทระดบความหนกปานกลางในกลมนกวงมอใหมและนกวงสนทนาการเพศหญง
ทิพยุทธ, ห., & สงวนรังศิริกุล, ส. (2019) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2019.640
The Relationship between the Change in Pelvic Alignment during Moderate-Intensity Running and the Subjective Rating of Perceived Exertion, Rating of Perceived Exertion for Legs and Gluteus Muscles Fatigue in Female Novice and Recreational Runners
Tippayut, H., Watanatada, P., & Sanguanrungsirikul, S. (2024) · Trends in Sciences · doi:10.48048/tis.2024.7286
The effect of taurine supplementation on physiological and thermoregulatory responses in humans during rest and exercise in hot environmental conditions
Peel, J. (2024) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.66881

Creatine and glycerol hyperhydration in trained subjects prior to exercise in the heat.
Easton, C., Turner, S., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2007) · Research Repository (Kingston University London)
Self-citation
Effects of Combined Creatine and Glycerol Supplementation on Physiological Responses During Exercise in the Heat
Easton, C., Turner, S., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-200605001-01451
Self-citation
The effects of combined creatine and glycerol hyperhydration on thermoregulation, metabolism and exercise performance in the heat in endurance trained humans
Easton, C. (2007) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Self-citation
The effects of creatine and glycerol hyperhydration on running economy in well trained endurance runners
Beis, L. Y., Polyviou, T., Malkova, D., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2011) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-8-24 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Creatine/Glycerol and Creatine/Glycerol/Alpha- lipoic acid supplements: impact on hyperhydration, thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses during exercise in the heat and cardiometabolic risk factors
Polyviou, T. P. (2012) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)

Authors: Easton, C., Turner, S., & Pitsiladis, Y. P.
Affiliations: University of Glasgow (GB)
ORCID: Easton, Chris
Pitsiladis, Yannis P.
Venue: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2007-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 70-91
ISSN: 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
1543-2742
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.70
OpenAlex: W2164143583
Cited by: 65
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 3.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Health Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: creatine supplementation, glycerol supplementation, fluid overload, exercise in the heat, total body water, heart rate, rectal temperature, perceived exertion, trained athletes, heat stress
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Water, Creatine, Dehydration, Glycerol, Heart Rate, Hot Temperature, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Cross-Over Studies, Area Under Curve, Dietary Supplements, Thermogenesis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Creatine and Glycerol Hyperhydration in Trained Subjects before Exercise in the Heat

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks