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Part II. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?

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Antonio, Jose, Brown, Ann F., Candow, Darren G., Chilibeck, Philip D., Ellery, Stacey J., Forbes, Scott C., Gualano, Bruno, Jagim, Andrew R. +12 more·2025·Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
DOI 10.1080/15502783.2024.2441760PMC PMC11703406
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Abstract

Creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM) is a safe and effective intervention for improving certain aspects of sport, exercise performance, and health across the lifespan. Despite its evidence-based pedigree, several questions and misconceptions about CrM remain. To initially address some of these concerns, our group published a narrative review in 2021 discussing the scientific evidence as to whether CrM leads to water retention and fat accumulation, is a steroid, causes hair loss, dehydration or muscle cramping, adversely affects renal and liver function, and if CrM is safe and/or effective for children, adolescents, biological females, and older adults. As a follow-up, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate additional questions and misconceptions about CrM. These include but are not limited to: 1. Can CrM provide muscle benefits without exercise? 2. Does the timing of CrM really matter? 3. Does the addition of other compounds with CrM enhance its effectiveness? 4. Does CrM and caffeine oppose each other? 5. Does CrM increase the rates of muscle protein synthesis or breakdown? 6. Is CrM an anti-inflammatory intervention? 7. Can CrM increase recovery following injury, surgery, and/or immobilization? 8. Does CrM cause cancer? 9. Will CrM increase urine production? 10. Does CrM influence blood pressure? 11. Is CrM safe to consume during pregnancy? 12. Does CrM enhance performance in adolescents? 13. Does CrM adversely affect male fertility? 14. Does the brain require a higher dose of CrM than skeletal muscle? 15. Can CrM attenuate symptoms of sleep deprivation? 16. Will CrM reduce the severity of and/or improve recovery from traumatic brain injury? Similar to our 2021 paper, an international team of creatine research experts was formed to perform a narrative review of the literature regarding CrM to formulate evidence-based responses to the aforementioned misconceptions involving CrM.

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  • A few case study reports appeared in the literature suggesting adverse events despite other mitigating factors unrelated to creatine supplementation, which subsequently have been debunked.

    “A few case study reports also appeared in the literature suggesting adverse events despite other mitigating factors unrelated to creatine supplementation [52–54] which subsequently have been debunked [15,55,56].”

    From Safety of creatine supplementation: analysis of the prevalence of reported side effects in clinical trials and adverse event reports (2025) · cites this paper as [15]

    The supplied References passages do not address the reported cases. A search of the paper’s sections on adverse effects found discussion of unsupported claims about male fertility and blood pressure, but no passage identifying adverse-event case reports, their unrelated mitigating factors, or their subsequent debunking. Searches included “case reports,” “adverse events,” and “confounding factors.” (LLM, conf=0.70)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Antonio, J., Brown, A. F., Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Ellery, S. J., Forbes, S. C., Gualano, B., Jagim, A. R., Kerksick, C., Kreider, R. B., Ostojic, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Roberts, M. D., Roschel, H., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Tarnopolsky, M. A., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Willoughby, D. S., & Ziegenfuss, T. N.
Affiliations
  • Nova Southeastern University
  • University of Idaho (US)
  • University of Regina (CA)
  • University of Saskatchewan (CA)
  • Hudson Institute of Medical Research (AU)
  • Brandon University (CA)
  • Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
  • Lindenwood University (US)
  • Texas A&M University (US)
  • University of Agder (NO)
  • Messiah University, Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Mechanicsburg, PA, USA
  • Auburn University (US)
  • University of North Carolina, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
  • University of Central Florida (US)
  • McMaster Children's Hospital (CA)
  • Bonafide Health, Harrison, NY, USA
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
  • The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH, USA
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2024-12-25
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
2441760-2441760
ISSN
1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1080/15502783.2024.2441760
PMC
PMC11703406
OpenAlex
W4405768767
Cited by
33
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 16
FWCI
1.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
creatine monohydrate, creatine supplementation, misconceptions, exercise performance, muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein degradation, caffeine, anti-inflammatory activity, injury recovery, cancer risk, blood pressure, pregnancy, male fertility, sleep deprivation, traumatic brain injury, timing of supplementation
MeSH terms
Creatine, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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