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Cited by 61High Altitude and HypoxiaIron Metabolism and DisordersSports Performance and Training

Impact of energy availability, health, and sex on hemoglobin-mass responses following live-high-train-high altitude training in elite female and male distance athletes

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Heikura, Ida A., Burke, Louise M., Bergland, Dan, Uusitalo, Arja L.T., Mero, Antti A., Stellingwerff, Trent·2018·International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
DOI 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0547
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Abstract

Purpose The authors investigated the effects of sex, energy availability (EA), and health status on the change in hemoglobin mass (ΔHbmass) in elite endurance athletes over ∼3-4 wk of live-high-train-high altitude training in Flagstaff, AZ (2135 m; n = 27 women; n = 21 men; 27% 2016 Olympians). Methods Precamp and postcamp Hbmass (optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method) and iron status were measured, EA was estimated via food and training logs, and a Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAFQ) and a general injury/illness questionnaire were completed. Hypoxic exposure (h) was calculated with low ( 600 h) groupings. Results Absolute and relative percentage ΔHbmass was significantly greater in women (6.2% [4.0%], P pre was significantly higher in eumenorrheic vs amenorrheic women (12.2 [1.0] vs 11.3 [0.5] g/kg, P = .004). Although statistically underpowered, %ΔHbmass was significantly less in sick (n = 4, -0.5% [0.4%]) vs healthy (n = 44, 5.4% [3.8%], P Conclusions The findings confirm the importance of baseline Hbmass and exposure to hypoxia on increases in Hbmass during altitude training, while emphasizing the importance of athlete health and indices of EA on an optimal baseline Hbmass and hematological response to hypoxia.

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  • There are few prospective or cohort studies in which groups of athletes with and without signs of LEA have been monitored longitudinally to note changes in health and performance.

    “It is noted that there are few prospective or cohort studies in which groups of athletes with and without signs of LEA have been monitored longitudinally to note changes in health and performance.168 169”

    From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [169]

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Authors
Heikura, I. A., Burke, L. M., Bergland, D., Uusitalo, A. L. T., Mero, A. A., & Stellingwerff, T.
Affiliations
  • Australian Catholic University (AU)
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • University of Jyväskylä (FI)
  • Canadian Sport Centre Pacific (CA)
Corresponding author
Heikura, Ida A.
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Publisher
Human Kinetics
Published
2018-09-01
Volume
13
Issue
8
Pages
1090-1096
ISSN
  • 1555-0265 (ISSN-L)
  • 1555-0273
DOI
10.1123/ijspp.2017-0547
OpenAlex
W2787498357
Cited by
61
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI
2.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Australian Catholic University
  • Australian Institute of Sport
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › High Altitude and Hypoxia
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
hemoglobin mass, energy availability, sex differences, female athletes, hypoxic exposure, amenorrhea, iron status, athlete health, endurance athletes
MeSH terms
Adult, Altitude, Hypoxia, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Female, Hemoglobins, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Athletes, Physical Conditioning, Human

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