Sports foods and dietary supplements for optimal function and performance enhancement in track-and-field athletes
Open accessAbstract
Athletes are exposed to numerous nutritional products, attractively marketed with claims of optimizing health, function, and performance. However, there is limited evidence to support many of these claims, and the efficacy and safety of many products is questionable. The variety of nutritional aids considered for use by track-and-field athletes includes sports foods, performance supplements, and therapeutic nutritional aids. Support for sports foods and five evidence-based performance supplements (caffeine, creatine, nitrate/beetroot juice, β-alanine, and bicarbonate) varies according to the event, the specific scenario of use, and the individual athlete's goals and responsiveness. Specific challenges include developing protocols to manage repeated use of performance supplements in multievent or heat-final competitions or the interaction between several products which are used concurrently. Potential disadvantages of supplement use include expense, false expectancy, and the risk of ingesting banned substances sometimes present as contaminants. However, a pragmatic approach to the decision-making process for supplement use is recommended. The authors conclude that it is pertinent for sports foods and nutritional supplements to be considered only where a strong evidence base supports their use as safe, legal, and effective and that such supplements are trialed thoroughly by the individual before committing to use in a competition setting.
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Only a handful of the multitude of performance supplements marketed to athletes have a strong evidence base.
“Only a handful of the multitude of performance supplements marketed to athletes have a strong evidence base.”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Peeling et al. (2019)
Peeling et al. (2019) identified only caffeine and nitrate as likely to achieve a performance benefit in distance events.
“identifying only the first two of this group as likely to achieve a performance benefit in distance events”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Peeling et al. (2019)
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Zinn, C., Harvey, C., Noakes, T. D., Smith, J. A. H., Webster, C. C., & Sáenz, C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821617-0.00013-9
AVALIAÇÃO NUTRICIONAL E DE SAÚDE DOS JOGADORES DE UM TIME SÉRIE D DE FUTEBOL PROFISSIONAL
Mantovaneli, D. M., Morais, M. B. D. S., Franklin, M. M. K., & Carvalho, M. M. D. F. (2023) · RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.47820/recima21.v4i8.3768
Yılmaz, H. Ö., & Aygül, İ. (2023) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.1338935
Qoqazeh, A., Al-Bakheit, A. A., & Ghazzawi, H. (2024) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2024.120111
SODIUM NITRITE (E250) AND ZINC AS MODULATORS OF THE BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD IN SPORTS
Ivanov, I., Gluhcheva, Y., & Petrova, E. (2024) · Journal of Applied Sports Sciences · doi:10.37393/jass.2024.01.7
Huang, M., & Mo, X. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-3022
The Relationship Between Supplementation and Sport
Újvári, G., Zsótér, B., & Veres, Z. (2024) · Analecta Technica Szegedinensia · doi:10.14232/analecta.2024.4.9-13
Gil‐Ramírez, A., & Romero, C. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13959-8.00001-6
SPORCU PERFORMANSINI ARTIRAN GÜNCEL BESİN TAKVİYELERİ
Bor, H. (2025) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.1535816 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Peeling, P., Castell, L. M., Derave, W., de Hon, O., & Burke, L. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Anti-Doping Authority Netherlands
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2019-03-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 198-209
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W2896601196
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sports foods, dietary supplements, track and field athletes, performance improvement, caffeine, creatine, nitrate, beetroot juice, beta-alanine, bicarbonate, banned substances, supplement safety, heat events
- MeSH terms
- Food, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Track and Field, Dietary Supplements, Athletic Performance, Athletes, Performance-Enhancing Substances, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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