What do young athletes implicitly understand about psychological skills?
Open accessAbstract
One reason sport psychologists teach psychological skills is to enhance performance in sport; but the value of psychological skills for young athletes is questionable because of the qualitative and quantitative differences between children and adults in their understanding of abstract concepts such as mental skills. To teach these skills effectively to young athletes, sport psychologists need to appreciate what young athletes implicitly understand about such skills because maturational (e.g., cognitive, social) and environmental (e.g., coaches) factors can influence the progressive development of children and youth. In the present qualitative study, we explored young athletes’ (aged 10–15 years) understanding of four basic psychological skills: goal setting, mental imagery, self-talk, and relaxation. Young athletes (n= 118: 75 males and 43 females) completed an open-ended questionnaire to report their understanding of these four basic psychological skills. Compared with the older youth athletes, the younger youth athletes were less able to explain the meaning of each psychological skill. Goal setting and mental imagery were better understood than self-talk and relaxation. Based on these fndings, sport psychologists should consider adapting interventions and psychoeducational programs to match young athletes’ age and developmental level.
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Youth athletes have greatest knowledge of goal setting and mental imagery, whereas self-talk and relaxation appear less well explained.
“Importantly, youth athletes have greatest knowledge of goal setting and mental imagery, whereas self-talk and relaxation appear less well explained (McCarthy et al., 2010).”
From Integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with Psychological Skills Training (PST): a case study (2025) · cites this paper as McCarthy et al., 2010
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- Authors
- McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V., Harwood, C. G., & Olivier, S.
- Affiliations
- Glasgow Caledonian University (GB)
- University of Staffordshire (GB)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Abertay University (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 158-172
- ISSN
- 1932-9261 (ISSN-L)
- 1932-927X
- OpenAlex
- W2114524667
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 15 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University) (acceptedVersion)
- Abertay Research Portal (Abertay University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland) (submittedVersion)
- ResearchOnline (submittedVersion)
- Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- psychological skills, youth athletes, implicit understanding, goal setting, mental imagery, self-talk, relaxation, age differences, child development, psychoeducation, sport psychology intervention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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