Examining the Impact of 45 Minutes of Daily Physical Education on Cognitive Ability, Fitness Performance, and Body Composition of African American Youth
Abstract
Object: Increased importance on academic achievement has resulted in many school districts focusing on improved academic performance leading to reductions in physical education time. The purpose was to examine the effects of 45 minutes of daily physical education on the cognitive ability, fitness performance and body composition of African American elementary and middle school youth. Methods: Participants completing the informed consent in grades 2nd to 8th were included in the study. A pre/posttest design was used with repeated measures analysis of variance. Experimental and control school participants were pretested on the cognitive measures (ie, Fluid Intelligence and Perceptual Speed) and Fitnessgram R physical fitness test items (eg, aerobic capacity, muscular strength and muscular endurance, body composition) in September 2009 and posttested in May 2010. Results: Experimental elementary and middle school participants observed significantly greater improvements compared with control elementary and middle school participants on 7 of 16 fitness and body composition measures and on 8 of 26 cognitive measures. These fitness, body composition, and cognitive improvement differences were more noticeable among elementary and middle school females. Conclusions: Providing 45 minutes of daily physical education can perhaps increase cognitive ability while increasing fitness and decreasing the prevalence of overweight and obese youth.
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Gall et al.'s study only included participants from a low-socioeconomic background, and Reed et al. only included participants from an ethnic minority.
“notably, Gall et al.’s [40] study only included participants from a low-socioeconomic background, whilst Reed et al. [41] only included participants from an ethnic minority.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
Five days a week improved academic performance in the Reed et al. [41] study.
“as did 5 days a week in the Reed et al. [41] study.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
A downfall of the De Bruijn et al. [49] and Reed et al. [41] studies is that effect size was not reported.
“However, a downfall of the De Bruijn et al. [49] and Reed et al. [41] studies is that effect size was not reported”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
Reed et al. [41] found children participating in 45 min of generalised sport five times per week performed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better in eight out of 26 cognitive performance indicators than a group receiving regular PE for 30 to 50 min, once weekly.
“Moreover, Reed et al. [41] found that children participating in 45 min of generalised sport (multiactivity sport or fundamental movement skill development) five times per week performed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better in eight out of 26 cognitive performance indictors than a group receiving regular PE for 30 to 50 min, once weekly.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Reed, J. A., Maslow, A. L., Long, S., & Hughey, M.
- Affiliations
- Furman University (US)
- ORCID
- Reed, Julian A.
- Venue
- Journal of Physical Activity and Health
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-197
- ISSN
- 1543-3080 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-5474
- OpenAlex
- W2144759935
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Physical Activity and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Pedagogy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- daily physical education, cognitive ability, fluid intelligence, perceptual speed, physical fitness, body composition, African American youth, elementary school students, junior high school students, sex differences, academic performance, overweight and obesity prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Black or African American, Body Composition, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Perception, Physical Education and Training, Physical Fitness, Schools, Time Factors
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