3.5-Ga hydrothermal fields and diamictites in the Barberton Greenstone Belt—Paleoarchean crust in cold environments
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Data on 3.5-Ga volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt suggest formation in cold environments.
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Glacial rocks are reported from 3.5, 2.9, and 2.7 Ga ago.
“Glacial rocks are reported from 3.5, 2.9, and 2.7 Ga ago.”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [55]
The Conclusion (page unavailable) reports possible glaciogenic deposits and local glacial conditions at approximately 3.4–3.5 Ga. The passages found for 2.9 and 2.7 Ga do not report glacial rocks at either age, so the source supports only the 3.5-Ga part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOlder cherts and carbonates have nonprimary δ18O from high alteration temperatures or hydrothermal fluids.
“(ii) Older cherts and carbonates have nonprimary δ18O from high alteration temperatures or hydrothermal fluids (55, 231).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [55]
The Introduction says Barberton cherts once treated as primary seawater precipitates were subsequently found to form predominantly through secondary silicification. The Results and Discussion link their δ18O signatures to hydrothermal fluids and silica-water interaction temperatures. The paper does not establish the same claim for carbonates or for older cherts generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe oldest glacial rocks, from the Barberton of South Africa, include clasts in finely laminated sediments, interpreted as dropstones, found below diamictites.
“The oldest, from the Barberton of South Africa, includes clasts in finely laminated sediments, interpreted as dropstones, found below diamictites (55).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [55]
The Conclusion calls the Barberton deposits the world’s oldest recorded glacial deposits. The Results and Discussion describes clasts in finely laminated sediments that the authors interpret as glaciogenic dropstones. But it says those sediments are locally interbedded with diamictites, while the Fig. 6 caption shows an example overlying diamictite—not below it as claimed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- de Wit, M. J., & Furnes, H.
- Affiliations
- AEON and Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University 7701, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Furnes, Harald
- ORCID
- Furnes, Harald
- Venue
- Science Advances
- Published
- 2016-02-05
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e1500368-e1500368
- ISSN
- 2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4771442
- OpenAlex
- W2289163202
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 8.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (ID0EDZBI4950)
- Norwegian Research Council (ID0EJDCI4951)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Keywords
- hydrothermal fields, diamictite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, glacial diamictites, volcanic rock, chert, Precambrian tectonics
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