Cited by 3,810Physiological and biochemical adaptationsEvolution and Paleontology Studiesthermodynamics and calorimetric analyses

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Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate

Gillooly, James F., Brown, James H., West, Geoffrey B., Savage, Van M., Charnov, Eric L.·2001·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1061967

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Abstract

We derive a general model, based on principles of biochemical kinetics and allometry, that characterizes the effects of temperature and body mass on metabolic rate. The model fits metabolic rates of microbes, ectotherms, endotherms (including those in hibernation), and plants in temperatures ranging from 0° to 40°C. Mass- and temperature-compensated resting metabolic rates of all organisms are similar: The lowest (for unicellular organisms and plants) is separated from the highest (for endothermic vertebrates) by a factor of about 20. Temperature and body size are primary determinants of biological time and ecological roles.

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Hemmingsen A. M., Rep. Steno Mem. Hosp. and Nordisk Insulin Laboratorium 9, 6 (1960).
West G. B., Enquist B. J., Brown J. H., Nature 398, 573 (1998).
Metabolic rates were measured as resting rates using oxygen consumption in animals and unicells and oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production in plants. A respiratory coefficient of 1 was used to convert CO 2 production to O 2 consumption in plants. A density of 1.43 g/l for O 2 and 1.97 g/l for CO 2 was used to convert various units to ml/hour. A factor of 0.335 W/g was used to convert ml/hour to W/g 3/4 . Unicell mass was sometimes estimated from volume using a density of 1 g/ml. Metabolic rates of fish were stipulated as standard rates. Sources for all data presented in this paper and statistics for regressions presented in Web fig. 1 and table 1 are available on Science Online at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5538/2248/DC1.

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Self-citation

Authors: Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., Savage, V. M., & Charnov, E. L.
Affiliations: University of New Mexico (US)
Santa Fe Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Gillooly, James F.
ORCID: Gillooly, James F.
Brown, James H.
Savage, Van M.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2001-09-21
Volume: 293
Issue: 5538
Pages: 2248-2251
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1061967
OpenAlex: W2147690605
Cited by: 3,810
References: 11
Citations by year: 2026: 176 · 2025: 211 · 2024: 230 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 247 · 2021: 229 · 2020: 248 · 2019: 234 · 2018: 215 · 2017: 206 · 2016: 198 · 2015: 184 · 2014: 169 · 2013: 146 · 2012: 156
FWCI: 32.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › thermodynamics and calorimetric analyses
Keywords: metabolic rate, body mass, temperature effects, allometry, biochemical kinetics, resting metabolic rate, hibernation, endotherms, ectotherms, microorganisms, plants, biological time
MeSH terms: Amphibians, Animals, Basal Metabolism, Body Constitution, Body Temperature, Body Weight, Carbon Dioxide, Fishes, Longevity, Mammals, Mathematics, Models, Biological, Oxygen Consumption, Plants, Reptiles, Species Specificity, Temperature, Fractals

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Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate

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