Sleep viewed as a state of adaptive inactivity

Siegel, Jerome M.

doi:10.1038/nrn2697

Cited by 469Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchCircadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disorders

Sleep viewed as a state of adaptive inactivity

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Siegel, Jerome M.·2009·Nature Reviews Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nrn2697PMC PMC8740608

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Abstract

Sleep is often viewed as a vulnerable state that is incompatible with behaviours that nourish and propagate species. This has led to the hypothesis that sleep has survived because it fulfills some universal, but as yet unknown, vital function. I propose that sleep is best understood as a variant of dormant states seen throughout the plant and animal kingdoms and that it is itself highly adaptive because it optimizes the timing and duration of behaviour. Current evidence indicates that ecological variables are the main determinants of sleep duration and intensity across species.

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Prefrontal networks implicated in reality monitoring are generally deactivated during REM sleep.
“Further evidence that adversarial learning could be involved arises from the observation that prefrontal networks implicated in reality monitoring [74] are generally deactivated during REM sleep [75]”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
The “Sleep and dormant states” section describes reduced cerebral energy consumption during non-REM sleep, not deactivation of prefrontal networks during REM sleep. Searches for prefrontal cortex and REM-related brain activity found no passage in our copy addressing the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Sleep deprivation in the pigeon using the Disk-Over-Water method
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Cortical Acetylcholine Release Is Lateralized during Asymmetrical Slow-Wave Sleep in Northern Fur Seals
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Reptilian waking EEG: slow waves, spindles and evoked potentials
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Dolphins maintain cognitive performance during 72 to 120 hours of continuous auditory vigilance
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“At the end of this period there was no detectable decrease of activity from normal levels and no evidence of inattention or sleep rebound such as would be expected of a rat or human after sleep deprivatio”
Stress and fitness in parthenogens: is dormancy a key feature for bdelloid rotifers?
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Energy and Water Flux during Terrestrial Estivation and Overland Movement in a Freshwater Turtle
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Phagocyte migration and cellular stress induced in liver, lung, and intestine during sleep loss and sleep recovery
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Behavioral sleep in the walrus
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Does Sleep Really Influence Face Recognition Memory?
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Sleep and Mortality
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The Physiologic Nature of Sleep
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Functional Implications of Sleep Development
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Comparative physiology of sleep, thermoregulation and metabolism from the perspective of energy conservation.
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Hypophysectomy in monosodium glutamate-pretreated rats suppresses paradoxical sleep rebound
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States of rest and activity in the Commerson's dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii
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Early postnatal development of wakefulness-sleep cycle and neuronal responsiveness: A multiunit activity study on freely moving newborn rat
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[Rest and activity states in the Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii)].
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Polygraphic studies of kitten development: Respiratory rate and variability during sleep‐waking states
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CONTROL OF MUSCLE TONE ACROSS THE SLEEP–WAKE CYCLE
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[65]Bonnet MH Sleep deprivation (eds Kryger MH, Roth T & Dement WC) 53– 71 (Saunders, Philadelphia, 2000).
[97]Fishman AP, Galante RJ, Winokur A & Pack AI Estivation in the African lungfish. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc 136, 61– 72 (1992).

Sorted by citations

The memory function of sleep
Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762 · Cited by 3,760 · see citing works
Sleep state switching
Saper, C. B., Fuller, P. M., Pedersen, N. P., Lu, J., & Scammell, T. E. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
“We spend nearly one-third of our lives asleep, and many mammals, including small laboratory rodents, spend half or more of their existence in this state (Savage and West, 2007; Siegel, 2009).”
Background
The habenula: from stress evasion to value-based decision-making
Hikosaka, O. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2866 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
“Normal sleep and sleep-like states are considered to be beneficial for survival under stress because they minimize energy expenditur”
Background
Regional Slow Waves and Spindles in Human Sleep
Nir, Y., Staba, R. J., Andrillon, T., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., Fried, I., & Tononi, G. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.043 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
“Naturally occurring sleep patterns in dolphins (Mukhametov et al., 1977), seals (Siegel, 2009), and birds (Rattenborg et al., 2001) also suggest that parts of the brain can be awake while others are asleep.”
A materialist theory of the mind
Armstrong, D. M. (2017) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.95.c1 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Basal forebrain circuit for sleep-wake control
Xu, M., Chung, S., Zhang, S., Zhong, P., Ma, C., Chang, W.-C., Weissbourd, B., Sakai, N., Luo, L., Nishino, S., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4143 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“To tag genetically defined BF neurons with ChR2, we used the following strategies: (1) transgenic mice expressing ChR2 in a specific neuronal type (ChAT-ChR2-eYFP), (2) crossing a Cre driver line with a ChR2 reporter line (PVCre × Ai32, VGLUT2-Cre × Ai32, SOM-Cre × Ai32), or (3) injecting Cre-inducible AAV expressing…”
Method
Changes in Sleep as a Function of Adolescent Development
Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9155-5 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
“Sleep is a fundamental behavior ubiquitous in the animal kingdom (Siegel 2009).”
Background
Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance
Goel, N., Basner, M., Rao, H., & Dinges, D. F. (2013) · Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00007-5 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“Sleep is a ubiquitous biological imperative that appears to be evolutionarily conserved across species.(1) Sleep of sufficient duration, continuity, and intensity (depth) without circadian disruption is necessary to promote high levels of attention and cognitive performance during the wake period, and to prevent physi…”
Evidence that birds sleep in mid-flight
Rattenborg, N. C., Voirin, B., Cruz, S. M., Tisdale, R. K., Dell’Omo, G., Lipp, H., Wikelski, M. C., & Vyssotski, A. L. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12468 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Sleep deprivation and hippocampal vulnerability: changes in neuronal plasticity, neurogenesis and cognitive function
Kreutzmann, J. C., Havekes, R., Abel, T., & Meerlo, P. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.053 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“Sleep is a condition of partial unconsciousness, characterized by reduced motor activity and responsiveness, from which an individual can be aroused by stimulation (Siegel, 2009).”
Background
Sleep Deprivation and Oxidative Stress in Animal Models: A Systematic Review
Villafuerte, G., Miguel‐Puga, J. A., Rodríguez, E. M., Machado, S. E. D. C., Manjarrez, E., & Arias-Carrión, Ó. (2015) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2015/234952 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Therefore, behavioural changes observed in sleep deprived animals could be explained by regional oxidative stress in the brain [23].”
Background
Sleep and its importance in adolescence and in common adolescent somatic and psychiatric conditions
Brand, S., & Kirov, R. (2011) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s11557 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“2,3,7,10,24 More specifically, non-REM sleep, particularly SWS, provides conditions for brain plasticity at system and neural levels to take place, whereas REM sleep provides the soundest basis for brain plasticity at synaptic and genetic levels.”
The energy allocation function of sleep: A unifying theory of sleep, torpor, and continuous wakefulness
Schmidt, M. H. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.001 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Exploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep
Anafi, R. C., Kayser, M. S., & Raizen, D. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0098-9 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Adaptive Sleep Loss in Polygynous Pectoral Sandpipers
Lesku, J. A., Rattenborg, N. C., Vâlcu, M., Vyssotski, A. L., Kuhn, S., Kümmeth, F., Heidrich, W., & Kempenaers, B. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1220939 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“a host (5), does not contain common sterols and is the only plant in the Sonoran desert (7) known to produce D7-sterols such as lathosterol (6).”
Background
Light pollution disrupts sleep in free-living animals
Raap, T., Pinxten, R., & Eens, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep13557 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Coordinated infraslow neural and cardiac oscillations mark fragility and offline periods in mammalian sleep
Lecci, S., Fernandez, L. M. J., Weber, F. D., Cardis, R., Chatton, J.-Y., Born, J., & Lüthi, A. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602026 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“Recently, given the enormous differences in sleep fragmentation between mammalian species (3), the idea of universal beneficial functions of sleep for all mammals has even been challenged (4).”
Background
Evolutionary Convergence on Sleep Loss in Cavefish Populations
Duboué, E. R., Keene, A. C., & Borowsky, R. L. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.020 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Unraveling the evolutionary determinants of sleep
Joiner, W. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.068 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Direct Evidence for Wake-Related Increases and Sleep-Related Decreases in Synaptic Strength in Rodent Cortex
Liu, Z.-W., Faraguna, U., Cirelli, C., Tononi, G., & Gao, X.-B. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1409-10.2010 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“The functions of sleep are still unknown (Cirelli and Tononi, 2008; Siegel, 2009), but it is now clear that some molecular and cellular processes in the brain change in close temporal relationship with the sleep/wake cycle.”
Background
Sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral dynamics
Basner, M., Rao, H., Goel, N., & Dinges, D. F. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.008 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Introduction Sleep as an adaptive state of dormancy is found widely throughout the animal kingdom [1].”
Background
Sleep research goes wild: new methods and approaches to investigate the ecology, evolution and functions of sleep
Rattenborg, N. C., de la Iglesia, H. O., Kempenaers, B., Lesku, J. A., Meerlo, P., & Scriba, M. F. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0251 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“A quick search of the literature might suggest that evidence in support of some theories is rather compelling but, in reality, unequivocal evidence does not exist for any of them (e.g. [15,34]).”
Mars 520-d mission simulation reveals protracted crew hypokinesis and alterations of sleep duration and timing
Basner, M., Dinges, D. F., Mollicone, D., Ecker, A., Jones, C. W., Hyder, E. C., Di Antonio, A., Savelev, I., Kan, K., Goel, N., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1212646110 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“The progressive sedentariness of the crew that was evident through increased sleep and rest times and the decreased active wakefulness with time in mission support the view that ecological variables can be determinants of human sleep duration (40).”
Background
Modelling changes in sleep timing and duration across the lifespan: changes in circadian rhythmicity or sleep homeostasis?
Skeldon, A. C., Derks, G., & Dijk, D.-J. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.05.011 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Finally, a third functional theory of sleep sees sleep as a circadian, adaptive, rhythm of inactivity [41].”
Background
Sleep function: an evolutionary perspective
Siegel, J. M. (2022) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00210-1 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citation
Total Sleep Time Severely Drops during Adolescence
Léger, D., Beck, F., Richard, J., & Godeau, E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045204 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Duration, timing and quality of sleep are each vital for health, performance and safety
Czeisler, C. A. (2015) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.008 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Exploring the Effects of Problematic Internet Use on Adolescent Sleep: A Systematic Review
Kokka, I., Mourikis, I., Nicolaides, N. C., Darviri, C., Chrousos, G. P., Kanaka-Gantenbein, C., & Bacopoulou, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020760 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Sleep, recovery, and metaregulation: explaining the benefits of sleep
Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2015) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s54036 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“which postulates that the beneficial role of sleep is related to it being a default state of the organism or cerebral networks or a state of adaptive inactivity.(25)”
Animal models of sleep disorders.
Toth, L. A., & Bhargava, P. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 144 · see citing works
An AP2 Transcription Factor Is Required for a Sleep-Active Neuron to Induce Sleep-like Quiescence in C. elegans
Turek, M., Lewandrowski, I., & Bringmann, H. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.028 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Central control of cardiovascular function during sleep
Silvani, A., & Dampney, R. A. L. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00554.2013 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Sleep is a specialization of rest (79), characterized by lack of motor engagement with the external environment.”
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Alters Sleep Stage Transition Dynamics
Bianchi, M. T., Cash, S. S., Mietus, J. E., Peng, C., & THOMAS, R. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011356 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Numerous endogenous and exogenous factors influence whether sleep or wake is achieved, how long a given state is maintained, and the reasons sleep architecture may become fragmented [1,2,3,4].”
Fur Seals Suppress REM Sleep for Very Long Periods without Subsequent Rebound
Lyamin, O. I., Kosenko, P. O., Korneva, S. M., Vyssotski, A. L., Mukhametov, L. M., & Siegel, J. M. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.022 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“However, separating the effects of REM sleep loss from the stress of repeated awakening is difficult [2, 6].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Increases in cAMP, MAPK Activity, and CREB Phosphorylation during REM Sleep: Implications for REM Sleep and Memory Consolidation
Luo, J., Phan, T., Yang, Y., Garelick, M. G., & Storm, D. R. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5018-12.2013 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“In terrestrial mammals and birds, sleep is further separated into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep based on distinctive EEG/EMG measurements (Lesku et al., 2006; Allada and Siegel, 2008; Siegel, 2009).”
Background
Artificial light at night disrupts sleep in female great tits (Parus major) during the nestling period, and is followed by a sleep rebound
Raap, T., Pinxten, R., & Eens, M. (2016) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.100 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Gating and the Need for Sleep: Dissociable Effects of Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors
Lazarus, M., Oishi, Y., Bjorness, T. E., & Greene, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00740 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“An alternative view proposes that sleep enforces adaptive inactivity to conserve energy when activity is not beneficial (Siegel, 2009).”
Background
The Bird Dawn Chorus Revisited
Gil, D., & Llusia, D. (2020) · Animal Signals and Communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39200-0_3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Thus, if birds do not need to sleep for the whole night at the breeding period, it makes sense that dawn is used for an activity not requiring acute vision such as song (Siegel 2009).”
Background
Reciprocal interactions between sleep, circadian rhythms and Alzheimer's disease: Focus on the role of hypocretin and melatonin
Slats, D., Claassen, J. A. H. R., Verbeek, M. M., & Overeem, S. (2012) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.04.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“The purpose and mechanisms of sleep are only partially clear and are subject of intense research (Siegel, 2009).”
Background
The Superior Colliculus: Cell Types, Connectivity, and Behavior
Liu, X., Huang, H., Snutch, T. P., Cao, P., Wang, L., & Wang, F. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00858-1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Sleep is a readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness, reduced motor activity, and reduced metabolism [224], which contributes to restoring energy in vertebrates and invertebrates, and generally involves stages termed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.”
Background
The Functions of Sleep
Assefa, S. Z., Diaz‐Abad, M., Wickwire, E. M., & Scharf, S. M. (2015) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2015.3.155 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“One of the earliest theories of sleep function by Meddis [43] and Webb [44] [45] and later by Siegel [46] is an adaptive immobilization pattern of an animal for protection from predators.”
BackgroundInfluential
REM sleep: A biological and psychological paradox
Siegel, J. M. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep Ecophysiology: Integrating Neuroscience and Ecology
Aulsebrook, A. E., Jones, T. M., Rattenborg, N. C., Roth, T. C., & Lesku, J. A. (2016) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Multiple, nonexclusive hypotheses for the purpose of sleep have been proposed, including energy homeostasis [2,3], maturation of the central nervous system [4–6], maintaining high waking neurobehavioral (see Glossary) performance [7], strengthening [8] or weakening [9] synaptic connections, waste clearance from the br…”
Background
Sleep Deprivation
Abrams, R. M. (2015) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2015.05.013 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“It is theorized that sleep fulfills some universal virtual function that is yet unknown.(3) Sleep can be categorized into 2 alternating cycles: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep.”
Background
Development of a non-invasive polysomnography technique for dogs (Canis familiaris)
Kis, A., Szakadát, S., Kovács, E., Gácsi, M., Simor, P., Gombos, F., Topál, J., Miklósi, Á., & Bódizs, R. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Although the intertwined nature of sleep and awake states is widely accepted, there is still no unifying and quantitative theory of sleep, and its universal role in information processing across species is also debated [16].”
A Homeostatic Sleep-Stabilizing Pathway in Drosophila Composed of the Sex Peptide Receptor and Its Ligand, the Myoinhibitory Peptide
Oh, Y., Yoon, S., Zhang, Q., Chae, H.-S., Daubnerová, I., Shafer, O. T., Choe, J., & Kim, Y. (2014) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001974 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Studies on a GABAA receptor mutant revealed that sleep onset and sleep maintenance are genetically dissociable [2,3,13].”
Background
Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus as a control centre for wakefulness
Yoshikawa, T., Nakamura, T., & Yanai, K. (2020) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15220 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Animal species exhibit REM and NREM sleep status, but the total amount of sleep per day, REM/NREM sleep ratio and/or duration of a sleep episode, that is, sleep bouts, are diverse among species (Savage & West, 2007; Siegel, 2009).”
Background
Sleep in amphibians and reptiles: a review and a preliminary analysis of evolutionary patterns
Libourel, P., & Herrel, A. (2015) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12197 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The arousal threshold is also not uniform across mammals, being lowest during active sleep in humans, but highest during this state in rats and most other mammals (Siegel, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Neuropeptide Y Regulates Sleep by Modulating Noradrenergic Signaling
Singh, C., Rihel, J., & Prober, D. A. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.018 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Sleep is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by reduced sensory responsiveness [63].”
Hypocretin as a Hub for Arousal and Motivation
Tyree, S. M., Borniger, J. C., & de Lecea, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00413 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Neuropeptidergic control of sleep and wakefulness
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Thalamic Circuit Mechanisms Link Sensory Processing in Sleep and Attention
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Napping and weekend catchup sleep do not fully compensate for high rates of sleep debt and short sleep at a population level (in a representative nationwide sample of 12,637 adults)
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Most sleep does not serve a vital function: Evidence from Drosophila melanogaster
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Mammalian Sleep Dynamics: How Diverse Features Arise from a Common Physiological Framework
Phillips, A. J. K., Robinson, P. A., Kedziora, D. J., & Abeysuriya, R. (2010) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000826 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Computational analysis of gene regulation in animal sleep deprivation
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Socially isolated mice exhibit a blunted homeostatic sleep response to acute sleep deprivation compared to socially paired mice
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A salt-induced kinase is required for the metabolic regulation of sleep
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“conservation of energy [15,90], proper allocation of metabolic resources [18], temporal segregation of incompatible cellular activities [91], and energetic efficiency [87].”
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Sleep-Active Neurons: Conserved Motors of Sleep
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Neuroscience-driven discovery and development of sleep therapeutics
Dresler, M., Spoormaker, V. I., Beitinger, P., Czisch, M., Kimura, M., Steiger, A., & Holsboer, F. (2014) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Hence, the adaptive value of sleep has been suggested to mainly consist in the saving of energy — provided a safe sleep location to protect the animal from predators is available (Siegel, 2008, 2009).”
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The interrelation of sleep and mental and physical health is anchored in grey-matter neuroanatomy and under genetic control
Tahmasian, M., Samea, F., Khazaie, H., Zarei, M., Masouleh, S. K., Hoffstaedter, F., Camilleri, J. A., Kochunov, P. V., Yeo, B. T. T., Eickhoff, S. B., et al. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0892-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects: Is It All in Their Heads?
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Sleep Counteracts Aging Phenotypes to Survive Starvation-Induced Developmental Arrest in C. elegans
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“Does sleep serve different or similar functions during different conditions? What are the identities of these functions? And how are they carried out? Sleep has been proposed to serve diverse roles, ranging from energy conservation and allocation [6, 71]”
Utilizing the blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus to understand the genetic basis of behavioral evolution
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“Sleep deprivation is associated with hyperphagia, and increased sleep is a proposed mechanism of energy conservation (Berger and Phillips, 1995; Siegel, 2009; Knutson and Van Cauter, 2008; Masek et al., 2014).”
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Radiation-Induced Neuroinflammation and Radiation Somnolence Syndrome
Ballesteros‐Zebadúa, P., Chavarría, A., Celis, M. A., Paz, C., & Franco‐Pérez, J. (2012) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527311201070937 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Sleep and Consciousness
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Sleep and Wakefulness Are Controlled by Ventral Medial Midbrain/Pons GABAergic Neurons in Mice
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“Sleep is characterized by a rapid reversibility, reduced motor activity, responsiveness and metabolism (Siegel, 2009) and can be divided into distinct stages, cyclically repeated: the rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REM sleep (NREMS; Murillo-Rodríguez et al., 2009; AriasCarrión et al.,…”
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Towards Benchmarked Sleep Detection with Wrist-Worn Sensing Units
Borazio, M., Berlin, E., Kücükyildiz, N., Scholl, P., & Laerhoven, K. V. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi.2014.24 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“where A is the total activity count for the scored epoch a0, a−x is the activity count before the scored epoch and a+x the one after, with x ∈ [1, 2] minutes.”
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Genetic sleep deprivation: using sleep mutants to study sleep functions
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“This suggests that the amount of sleep is adapted to, and depends on ecological constraints, perhaps to regulate behavior and to preserve energy [22].”
How vital is sleep in Huntington’s disease?
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The relationship between social fragmentation and sleep among adolescents living in Boston, Massachusetts
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Histamine in the CNS
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Recumbence Behavior in Zoo Elephants: Determination of Patterns and Frequency of Recumbent Rest and Associated Environmental and Social Factors
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Towards an integrated approach to understand Mexican cavefish evolution
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Urban noise restricts, fragments, and lightens sleep in Australian magpies
Connelly, F., Johnsson, R. D., Aulsebrook, A. E., Mulder, R. A., Hall, M. L., Vyssotski, A. L., & Lesku, J. A. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115484 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…motivation, memory (Van Dongen et al., 2003; Dieckelmann and Born, 2010; Tononi and Cirelli, 2016) and learning (Huber et al., 2004; Der egnaucourt et al., 2005), brain maturation early in life (Scriba et al., 2013; Kayser et al., 2014), and energy homeostasis (Siegel, 2009; Schmidt et al., 2017).”
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Evolutionary Origin of Distinct NREM and REM Sleep
Yamazaki, R., Toda, H., Libourel, P., Hayashi, Y., Vogt, K. E., & Sakurai, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567618 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The time spent in REM sleep varies not only during an individual’s development but also among species, as has been reported at least in mammals and birds (Allada and Siegel, 2008; Lesku et al., 2009; Siegel, 2009).”
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Polygenic risk scores for major psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders contribute to sleep disturbance in childhood: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study
Ohi, K., Ochi, R., Noda, Y., Wada, M., Sugiyama, S., Nishi, A., Shioiri, T., Mimura, M., & Nakajima, S. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01308-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neural Control of Action Selection Among Innate Behaviors
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Sleep macrostructure is modulated by positive and negative social experience in adult pet dogs
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Light, Sleep and Performance in Diurnal Birds
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“Such functions can relate to energy homeostasis [9,10], immune system maintenance [11,12], early brain development, memory processing and learning [13–17].”
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Sleep Disruption and Cancer: Chicken or the Egg?
Berisha, A., Shutkind, K., & Borniger, J. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.856235 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…functions of sleep remain to be fully elucidated, however, there are several prominent theories that have been postulated attempting to identify ultimate and proximate reasons for why we sleep (Benington and Craig Heller, 1995; Berger and Phillips, 1995; Walker and Stickgold, 2006; Siegel, 2009).”
Background
Evolution and plasticity of sleep
Ungurean, G., van der Meij, J., Rattenborg, N. C., & Lesku, J. A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Analysis of sleep for the American population: Result from NHANES database
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Modeling the genetic basis for human sleep disorders in Drosophila
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“Since sleep is also a state in which an individual is in a position of increased vulnerability to predators, it has been argued that sleep must perform a vital biological function(s) to have been so strongly conserved through evolution.(3) However, the identity of this function continues to be debated and remains inco…”
Seven-day human biological rhythms: An expedition in search of their origin, synchronization, functional advantage, adaptive value and clinical relevance
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Sleep in Infants and Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
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“…CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS, AND CLOCK GENES Although the true physiological function of sleep remains unknown, sleep appears to be a universal process across species (Dahl, 1996; Siegel, 2009) and is one of the many biochemical, physiological, and behavioral activities regulated by the circadian clock.”
An Ecological Perspective on Sleep Disruption
Tougeron, K., & Abram, P. K. (2017) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/692604 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Although often considered to have a restorative function, the adaptive value of sleep is still controversial (Siegel 2008, 2009; Hartse 2010; Vorster and Born 2015).”
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Do Predators and Thermoregulation Influence Choice of Sleeping Sites and Sleeping Behavior in Azara’s Owl Monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae) in Northern Argentina?
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“These differences in the spatiotemporal aspects of sleep are indicative of the unique suites of environmental pressures shaping and constraining each species’ behavior (Lima et al. 2005; Siegel 2009).”
Background
Longer days enable higher diurnal activity for migratory birds
Pokrovsky, I. G., Kölzsch, A., Sherub, S., Fiedler, W., Глазов, П. М., Kulikova, O., Wikelski, M. C., & Flack, A. (2021) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13484 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Automatic sleep stage classification using deep learning: signals, data representation, and neural networks
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Thalamocortical dynamics of sleep: Roles of purinergic neuromodulation
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“Such criteria have been observed in species ranging from fruit flies to mammals [4], and have been important in establishing sleep as a universal behavior among animals [5] (but see [6]).”
Background

Authors: Siegel, J. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Siegel, Jerome M.
ORCID: Siegel, Jerome M.
Venue: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-08-05
Volume: 10
Issue: 10
Pages: 747-753
ISSN: 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn2697
PMC: PMC8740608
OpenAlex: W2060891261
Cited by: 468
References: 124
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 1.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK6 BX005245, I01 BX001753)
U.S. Public Health Service (NSF0234687)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL041370, R37HL041370, HL 41370)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH064109, MH 64109)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA034748)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS042947, NS 14610, R01NS014610, R37NS014610)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: sleep, dormant state, sleep function, sleep duration
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Hibernation, Humans, Phylogeny, Plants, Sleep, Species Specificity

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