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Origins of Bilateral Symmetry: Hox and Dpp Expression in a Sea Anemone
Abstract
Over 99% of modern animals are members of the evolutionary lineage Bilateria. The evolutionary success of Bilateria is credited partly to the origin of bilateral symmetry. Although animals of the phylum Cnidaria are not within the Bilateria, some representatives, such as the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, exhibit bilateral symmetry. We show that Nematostella uses homologous genes to achieve bilateral symmetry: Multiple Hox genes are expressed in a staggered fashion along its primary body axis, and the transforming growth factor-beta gene decapentaplegic (dpp) is expressed in an asymmetric fashion about its secondary body axis. These data suggest that bilateral symmetry arose before the evolutionary split of Cnidaria and Bilateria.
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“Cnidarians seem to possess almost the complete bilaterian regulatory gene tool kit, including anterior and posterior hox genes (Finnerty et al. 2004; Putnam et al. 2007) and generate many of the ectodermal, neuronal, endodermal, and mesodermal differentiated cell types also found in bilaterians.”
From An integrated view of precambrian eumetazoan evolution (2009) · cites this paper as Finnerty et al. 2004
In the citing paper
“in development of the most basal cnidarian clade, anthozoans, regulatory genes are expressed in bilateral axial patterns that indicate an underlying set of bilateral regulatory states.”
From An integrated view of precambrian eumetazoan evolution (2009) · cites this paper as Finnerty et al. 2004
In the citing paper
“Similarly, limited conservation of synteny is recognizable within insects (e.g., between flies and bees (50)).”
From Sea Anemone Genome Reveals Ancestral Eumetazoan Gene Repertoire and Genomic Organization (2007) · cites this paper as [50]
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Sea Anemone Genome Reveals Ancestral Eumetazoan Gene Repertoire and Genomic Organization
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Finnerty, J. R., Pang, K., Burton, P., Paulson, D., & Martindale, M. Q.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Corresponding author
- Finnerty, John R.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2004-05-28
- Volume
- 304
- Issue
- 5675
- Pages
- 1335-1337
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2030545022
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 16.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
- Keywords
- bilateral symmetry, Nematostella vectensis, sea anemone, Hox genes, decapentaplegic, DPP, TGF-beta, body axis patterning, Cnidaria, homologous genes
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Endoderm, Genes, Genes, Homeobox, Larva, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Sea Anemones, In Situ Hybridization, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Body Patterning, Gene Duplication, Gene Expression Profiling
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