The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Shadow Enhancers as a Source of Evolutionary Novelty
Open accessAbstract
Some developmentally important genes can be regulated via two enhancers, one located nearby and the other, a "shadow" enhancer, 10 to 20 kilobases away.
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“Sub-additivity may also underlie some cases of functional enhancer redundancy, such as for Drosophila “shadow enhancers” that can “back up” important developmental enhancers and enable them to accumulate deleterious mutations [520–522].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [520]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“previous studies have identified shadow enhancers acting to mask the effects of perturbing individual enhancers (Hong et al., 2008)”
From A Genome-wide Framework for Mapping Gene Regulation via Cellular Genetic Screens (2019) · cites this paper as Hong et al., 2008
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Citations
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Markstein, M., Markstein, P., Markstein, V., & Levine, M. S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012591199 · Cited by 375
Self-citationWhole-genome analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo.
Stathopoulos, A., Drenth, M. V., Erives, A. J., Markstein, M., & Levine, M. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01087-5 · Cited by 310
Self-citationJeong, S., Rebeiz, M., Andolfatto, P., Werner, T., True, J., & Carroll, S. B. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.014 · Cited by 309
Zeitlinger, J., Zinzen, R. P., Stark, A., Kellis, M., Zhang, H., Young, R. A., & Levine, M. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1509607 · Cited by 286
Self-citationJeong, Y., El-Jaick, K. B., Roessler, E., Muenke, M., & Epstein, D. J. (2006) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.02239 · Cited by 238
Xiong, N., Kang, C., & Raulet, D. H. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00285-6 · Cited by 65
Biemar, F., Nix, D. A., Piel, J., Peterson, B., Ronshaugen, M., Sementchenko, V., Bell, I., Manak, J. R., & Levine, M. S. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604484103 · Cited by 53
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Transcription factors: from enhancer binding to developmental control
Spitz, F., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3207 · Cited by 2,227
Cis-regulatory elements: Molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes underlying divergence
Wittkopp, P. J., & Kalay, G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3095 · Cited by 1,231
Control of the Embryonic Stem Cell State
Young, R. A. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.032 · Cited by 1,246
Long-range enhancer–promoter contacts in gene expression control
Schoenfelder, S., & Fraser, P. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0128-0 · Cited by 1,102
The selection and function of cell type-specific enhancers
Heinz, S., Romanoski, C. E., Benner, C., & Glass, C. K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3949 · Cited by 1,010
Metadata
- Authors
- Hong, J.-W., Hendrix, D. A., & Levine, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levine, Michael S.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2008-09-05
- Volume
- 321
- Issue
- 5894
- Pages
- 1314-1314
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC4257485
- OpenAlex
- W2006824094
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 9.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-46638, R01GM046638)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- enhancer regulation, evolutionary innovation, developmental genes, gene expression regulation, cis-regulatory elements
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Binding Sites, Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Introns, Nuclear Proteins, Phosphoproteins, Phylogeny, Transcription Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Evolution, Molecular, Computational Biology, Body Patterning, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Drosophila Proteins, Embryonic Development, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
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