Cited by 1,102Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsChromatin Remodeling and CancerCancer-related molecular mechanisms research

Long-range enhancer–promoter contacts in gene expression control

Schoenfelder, Stefan, Fraser, Peter·2019·Nature Reviews Genetics

Abstract

Spatiotemporal gene expression programmes are orchestrated by transcriptional enhancers, which are key regulatory DNA elements that engage in physical contacts with their target-gene promoters, often bridging considerable genomic distances. Recent progress in genomics, genome editing and microscopy methodologies have enabled the genome-wide mapping of enhancer-promoter contacts and their functional dissection. In this Review, we discuss novel concepts on how enhancer-promoter interactions are established and maintained, how the 3D architecture of mammalian genomes both facilitates and constrains enhancer-promoter contacts, and the role they play in gene expression control during normal development and disease.

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Crossref · 10.1038/s41576-019-0128-0

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214 of 214 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Of the multitudes of enhancers in a locus, not all provide input to every promoter.

    “It is clear from both genome-wide profiling and perturbation studies that, of the multitudes of enhancers in a locus, not all of them provide input to every promoter [430, 431].”
  • Promoter-interacting regions identified using these approaches typically show enrichment for enhancer-associated chromatin marks and disease-associated variants, and in a number of cases their target genes have been validated directly.

    “Promoter-interacting regions identified using these approaches typically show enrichment for enhancer-associated chromatin marks and disease-associated variants, and in a number of cases their target genes have been validated directly (reviewed in [431]).”
  • During the search of a target promoter, enhancers meet other genes that are not activated by this enhancer.

    “During the “search” of a target promoter (regardless of the “searching mechanism”), enhancers meet other genes that, however, are not activated by this enhancer [21,128,129].”

    From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [128]

  • Chromatin loops enable interactions between enhancers and promoters enabling fine control of gene expression, in addition to regulation mediated by transcription factors and other epigenetic modifications.

    “Chromatin loops enable interactions between enhancers and promoters enabling fine control of gene expression, in addition to the regulation mediated by transcription factors and other epigenetic modifications”

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Authors
Schoenfelder, S., & Fraser, P.
Affiliations
  • Babraham Institute (GB)
  • Florida State University (US)
Corresponding author
Schoenfelder, Stefan
Venue
Nature Reviews Genetics
Published
2019-05-13
Volume
20
Issue
8
Pages
437-455
ISSN
  • 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-0064
OpenAlex
W2945038365
Cited by
1,102
References
218
Citations by year
2026: 118 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 162 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 32 · 2012: 1
FWCI
11.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Medical Research Council (MR/L007150/1, MR/T016787/1)
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J004480/1)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL129971)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Keywords
enhancer-promoter interactions, enhancers, 3D genome organization, chromatin looping, gene expression regulation, developmental gene regulation, disease
MeSH terms
Gene Editing, Animals, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Humans, Mammals, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Gene Expression, Genome, Genomics

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