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Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003

Mumma, Michael J., Villanueva, Geronimo L., Novak, Robert E., Hewagama, Tilak, Bonev, Boncho P., DiSanti, Michael A., Mandell, Avi M., Smith, Michael D.·2009·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1165243

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Abstract

Living systems produce more than 90% of Earth's atmospheric methane; the balance is of geochemical origin. On Mars, methane could be a signature of either origin. Using high-dispersion infrared spectrometers at three ground-based telescopes, we measured methane and water vapor simultaneously on Mars over several longitude intervals in northern early and late summer in 2003 and near the vernal equinox in 2006. When present, methane occurred in extended plumes, and the maxima of latitudinal profiles imply that the methane was released from discrete regions. In northern midsummer, the principal plume contained ∼19,000 metric tons of methane, and the estimated source strength (≥0.6 kilogram per second) was comparable to that of the massive hydrocarbon seep at Coal Oil Point in Santa Barbara, California.

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Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets
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The Case for Extant Life on Mars and Its Possible Detection by the Viking Labeled Release Experiment
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“The sporadic appearance of methane (Mumma et al. , 2009; Webster et al. , 2015) suggests methanogens as possible martian life-forms.”
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“, [61,80]), implying a general small impact to the derivation of D/H by aerosols.”
Self-citation
Determining the Local Abundance of Martian Methane and its 13-C/l2-C and D/H Isotopic Ratios for Comparison with Related Gas and Soil Analysis on the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission
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AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap
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Gale crater: the Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Rover Landing Site
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“2C of Mumma et al. 2009).”
A Field Guide to Finding Fossils on Mars
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Microbial characterization of a subzero, hypersaline methane seep in the Canadian High Arctic
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Independent confirmation of a methane spike on Mars and a source region east of Gale Crater
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Organics on Mars?
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“Earth-based observations by Mumma et al. (2009) conﬁrmed this seasonal variation and showed a mixing ratio of nearly 0ppb in the early northern spring to 45 ppb in the late northern summer.”
Influential
Herschel/HIFI observations of Mars: First detection of O2 at submillimetre wavelengths and upper limits on HCl and H2O2
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“In its solid phase on the surface, it may be responsible for scavenging organic material from Mars and/or present a sink of methane such that a larger source is required to maintain its steady-state abundance (e.g. Mumma et al. 2009).”
Background
Comprehensive investigation of Mars methane and organics with ExoMars/NOMAD
Knutsen, E. W., Villanueva, G. L., Liuzzi, G., Crismani, M. M. J., Mumma, M. J., Smith, M. D., Vandaele, A. C., Aoki, S., Thomas, I. R., Daerden, F. W., et al. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114266 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
The fate of early Mars' lost water: The role of serpentinization
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“Methane has been recently discovered in the Martian atmosphere at a typical 10 ppb level [Krasnopolsky et al., 2004; Formisano et al., 2004; Mumma et al., 2009; Fonti andMarzo, 2010].”
Background
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea are important
Jarrell, K. F., Walters, A. D., Bochiwal, C., Borgia, J. M., Dickinson, T., & Chong, J. P. J. (2011) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.047837-0 · Cited by 81
“…with methanogens often mentioned due to their adaptation to anaerobic niches with little or no organic carbon (Moissl-Eichinger, 2011), and especially with respect to the possible biogenic formation of the methane detected on Mars (Formisano et al., 2004; Mumma et al., 2009; Sanderson, 2010).”
Background
The case and context for atmospheric methane as an exoplanet biosignature
Thompson, M., Krissansen‐Totton, J., Wogan, N. F., Telus, M., & Fortney, J. J. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2117933119 · Cited by 112
First detection of ozone in the mid-infrared at Mars: implications for methane detection
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“For ground-based observations, strong O3 absorption features from Earth’s atmosphere must first be removed before retrieving mixing ratios for Mars (Krasnopolsky 2012; Mumma et al. 2009); O3 must be accounted for, although this step makes the retrieval more difficult (Zahnle et al. 2011).”
Background
Atmospheric Escape Processes and Planetary Atmospheric Evolution
Gronoff, G., Arras, P., Baraka, S., Bell, J., Cessateur, G., Cohen, O., Curry, S., Drake, J., Elrod, M., Erwin, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics · doi:10.1002/essoar.10502458.1 · Cited by 86
Photocatalytic Decomposition of Carboxylated Molecules on Light-Exposed Martian Regolith and Its Relation to Methane Production on Mars
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“This methane is released in large plumes, which peak during martian summer (Mumma et al., 2009).”
Influential
Deciphering Spectral Fingerprints of Habitable Exoplanets
Kaltenegger, L., Selsis, F., Fridlund, M., Lammer, H., Beichman, C., Danchi, W., Eiroa, C., Henning, T., Herbst, T., Léger, A., et al. (2009) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2009.0381 · Cited by 86
“Note that CH 4 on Mars, whose atmosphere contains 0.1% of O 2 and some O 3 , may have been detected (Mumma et al., 2009).”
Influential
Methane on Mars and Habitability: Challenges and Responses
Yung, Y. L., Chen, P., Nealson, K. H., Atreya, S. K., Beckett, P., Blank, J. G., Ehlmann, B. L., Eiler, J. M., Etiope, G., Ferry, J. G., et al. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1917 · Cited by 111
“global mixing time of about one month (Mumma et al., 2009; Fonti & Marzo, 2010; Geminale et al., 2011; Lefèvre & Forget, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Martian post-impact hydrothermal systems incorporating freezing
Barnhart, C. J., Nimmo, F., & Travis, B. J. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.013 · Cited by 74
First Detections of Dichlorobenzene Isomers and Trichloromethylpropane from Organic Matter Indigenous to Mars Mudstone in Gale Crater, Mars: Results from the Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Onboard the Curiosity Rover
Szopa, C., Freissinet, C., GLAVIN, D. P., Millan, M., Buch, A., Franz, H. B., Summons, R. E., Sumner, D. Y., Sutter, B., Eigenbrode, J. L., et al. (2019) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1908 · Cited by 97
“…methane (Atreya et al. , 2007), even if the current models still do not manage to reconcile the concentration of methane detected (Formisano et al. , 2004; Mumma et al. , 2009; Webster et al. , 2015) with the ﬂux of meteorites assumed to reach the martian surface (Moores and Schuerger, 2012).”
A BIOMASS-BASED MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE PLAUSIBILITY OF EXOPLANET BIOSIGNATURE GASES
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“Averaged CH4 levels are 5-30 ppbv in the spring and summer mid-latitudes on Mars, depending on location, local time of day, and season (Formisano et al. 2004; Geminale et al. 2008; Mumma et al. 2009; Geminale et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethod
Plausible microbial metabolisms on Mars
Nixon, S. L., Cousins, C. R., & Cockell, C. S. (2013) · Astronomy & Geophysics · doi:10.1093/astrogeo/ats034 · Cited by 51
“Methanogenesis Several lines of enquiry over the last few years have indicated the possible presence of localized and seasonally varying methane in the martian atmosphere (Krasnopolsky et al. 2004, Formisano et al. 2004, Mumma et al. 2009).”
Background
The geological history of Northeast Syrtis Major, Mars
Bramble, M. S., Mustard, J. F., & Salvatore, M. R. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.030 · Cited by 97
“The Nili Fossae olivine-rich unit has been hypothesized as a source region for the plumes of methane observed in the martian atmosphere ( Mumma et al., 2009; Wray and Ehlmann, 2011 ) and the fracturing of the olivine-rich unit may allow methane, perhaps diffusely produced in the subsurface from…”
Background
Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the Martian atmosphere
Keppler, F., Vigano, I., McLeod, A., Ott, U., Früchtl, M., & Röckmann, T. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11203 · Cited by 76
“However, our estimated fluxes would only last for a few hours a day when temperature and ultraviolet irradiance are high, and only until the accessible organic matter of the meteorite is exhausted, whereas continuous release rates were calculated by Mumma et al.(5) for a ‘filling time’ of the plume of 0.”
Influential
CO2 solubility in Martian basalts and Martian atmospheric evolution
Stanley, B. D., Hirschmann, M. M., & Withers, A. C. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.07.027 · Cited by 87
“Recently, groups using Earth-based satellites (Krasnopolsky et al., 2004; Mumma et al., 2009) and Mars Express (Formisano et al., 2004; Geminale et al., 2008) have reported strongly localized detection of CH4 in the Martian atmosphere though the detection of CH4 is still debated (Zahnle et al.,…”
Background
Methane Clathrates in the Solar System
Mousis, O. J., Chassefière, É., Holm, N. G., Bouquet, A., Waite, J. H., Geppert, W. D., Picaud, S., Aikawa, Y., Ali-Dib, M., Charlou, J.-L., et al. (2015) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1189 · Cited by 94
Depleted carbon isotope compositions observed at Gale crater, Mars
House, C. H., Wong, G. M., Webster, C. R., Flesch, G. J., Franz, H. B., Stern, J. C., Pavlov, A. A., Atreya, S. K., Eigenbrode, J. L., Gilbert, A. R., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2115651119 · Cited by 77
A More Comprehensive Habitable Zone for Finding Life on Other Planets
Ramirez, R. M. (2018) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences8080280 · Cited by 92
“Similar arguments had been used to suggest that methane on present Mars may have a biotic origin [151].”
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A sink for methane on Mars? The answer is blowing in the wind
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Venturing into new realms? Microorganisms in space
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First detection of Mars atmospheric hydroxyl: CRISM Near-IR measurement versus LMD GCM simulation of OH Meinel band emission in the Mars polar winter atmosphere
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Self-citation
Description of the novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria Dechlorobacter hydrogenophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Propionivibrio militaris, sp. nov.
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Serpentinization as the source of energy, electrons, organics, catalysts, nutrients and pH gradients for the origin of LUCA and life
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Serpentinite and the search for life beyond Earth
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The Coevolution of Life and Environment on Mars: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Robotic Exploration of Biosignatures
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“…Knoll et al., 2005; Des Marais, 2010; Grotzinger et al., 2015a, 2015b) and the discovery of organic chemistry (e.g., Chastain and Chevrier, 2007; Mumma et al., 2009; Freissinet et al., 2015; Webster et al., 2015) make this assumption a viable working hypothesis, and while organic molecules can…”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Mumma, M. J., Villanueva, G. L., Novak, R. E., Hewagama, T., Bonev, B. P., DiSanti, M. A., Mandell, A. M., & Smith, M. D.
Affiliations: Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
Corresponding author: Mumma, Michael J.
ORCID: Mumma, Michael J.
Villanueva, Geronimo L.
Hewagama, Tilak
Bonev, Boncho P.
DiSanti, Michael A.
Mandell, Avi M.
Smith, Michael D.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2009-02-20
Volume: 323
Issue: 5917
Pages: 1041-1045
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1165243
OpenAlex: W1987622845
Cited by: 615
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 33.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Keywords: methane plumes, Mars atmosphere, methane emissions, source strength, water vapor, methane seepage, hydrocarbon seepage
MeSH terms: Extraterrestrial Environment, Methane, Seasons, Spectrum Analysis, Steam, Mars

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Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003

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