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Innate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells
Open accessAbstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined as effector lymphocytes of innate immunity endowed with constitutive cytolytic functions. More recently, a more nuanced view of NK cells has emerged. NK cells are now recognized to express a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors that is calibrated to ensure self-tolerance while allowing efficacy against assaults such as viral infection and tumor development. Moreover, NK cells do not react in an invariant manner but rather adapt to their environment. Finally, recent studies have unveiled that NK cells can also mount a form of antigen-specific immunologic memory. NK cells thus exert sophisticated biological functions that are attributes of both innate and adaptive immunity, blurring the functional borders between these two arms of the immune response.
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“Depending on the ligands expressed by the tumor cells studied, different NK-activating receptors may be engaged and trigger cytotoxicity (Vivier et al., 2011).”
From p53-dependent chemokine production by senescent tumor cells supports NKG2D-dependent tumor elimination by natural killer cells (2013) · cites this paper as Vivier et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Further analysis showed that the translocation of E. hirae to secondary lymphoid organs could exert an adjuvant impact on systemic and local immune responses mediated by CTX [2].”
From Gut microbiota-mediated immunomodulation in tumor (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vivier, E., Raulet, D. H., Moretta, A., Caligiuri, M. A., Zitvogel, L., Lanier, L. L., Yokoyama, W. M., & Ugolini, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université de la Méditerranée UM 631, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France.
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Raulet, David H.
- Moretta, Alessandro
- Caligiuri, Michael A.
- Zitvogel, Laurence
- Lanier, Lewis L.
- Yokoyama, Wayne M.
- Ugolini, Sophie
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2011-01-07
- Volume
- 331
- Issue
- 6013
- Pages
- 44-49
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3089969
- OpenAlex
- W2146313292
- Cited by
- 2,824
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 133 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 215 · 2021: 211 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 205 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 191 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 200 · 2012: 150
- FWCI
- 17.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA093678, R01CA095137, P01CA095426, CA095137, CA16058, CA 68458, CA95426, CA093678, P30CA016058)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-068129, R01AI068129, AI51345, R37AI066897, AI039642, AI34385, R01AI033903, AI5716, R01AI051345, AI-33903, R01AI039642, AI066897, R01AI035021, AI035021, P30AI027763)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- natural killer cells, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, NK cell receptors, activating and inhibitory receptors, self-tolerance, cytotoxicity, viral infection, antitumor immunity, immunological memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunologic Memory, Killer Cells, Natural, Neoplasms, Receptors, Immunologic, Virus Diseases, Self Tolerance, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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