Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers. This process has been termed 'trained immunity', a de facto innate immune memory. Research in the past decade has pointed to the broad benefits of trained immunity for host defence but has also suggested potentially detrimental outcomes in immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we define 'trained immunity' as a biological process and discuss the innate stimuli and the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming events that shape the induction of trained immunity.
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Trained immunity is mediated by innate immune cells and occurs when a single exposure to an inducing agent provides long-term protection against a secondary unrelated challenge.
“Trained immunity is mediated by innate immune cells and occurs when a single exposure to an inducing agent provides long-term protection against a secondary unrelated challenge.”
From Trained Immunity Provides Long-Term Protection against Bacterial Infections in Channel Catfish (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
The “Defining trained immunity” section describes long-term reprogramming of innate immune cells after an initial insult, followed by an altered response to a second challenge. The mouse infection models section reports protection against unrelated pathogens, but the definition also allows a weaker secondary response; long-term protection against an unrelated challenge is therefore a possible outcome, not a requirement of trained immunity. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTrained immunity is generated by epigenetic changes associated with prior PAMP exposure.
“Trained immunity is generated by epigenetic changes associated with prior PAMP exposure.”
From Trained Immunity Provides Long-Term Protection against Bacterial Infections in Channel Catfish (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
In mammals, functional changes associated with trained immunity are the result of shifts in transcriptional regulation caused by epigenetic changes to the chromatin.
“It’s been clearly demonstrated that in mammals, functional changes associated with trained immunity are the result of shifts in transcriptional regulation caused by epigenetic changes to the chromatin [1].”
From Trained Immunity Provides Long-Term Protection against Bacterial Infections in Channel Catfish (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Exposure to respiratory pathogens may stimulate a “trained immunity” phenomenon, wherein immune memory leads to heightened surveillance against unrelated insults, potentially lowering SSNHL risk [10].”
- Authors
- Netea, M. G., Domínguez-Andrés, J., Barreiro, L. B., Chavakis, T., Divangahi, M., Fuchs, E., Joosten, L. A. B., van der Meer, J. W. M., Mhlanga, M. M., Mulder, W. J. M., Riksen, N. P., Schlitzer, A., Schultze, J. L., Stabell Benn, C., Sun, J. C., Xavier, R. J., & Latz, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CA)
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Netea, Mihai G.
- Latz, Eicke
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2020-03-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 375-388
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC7186935
- OpenAlex
- W3009920944
- Cited by
- 2,690
- References
- 191
- Citations by year
- 2026: 505 · 2025: 433 · 2024: 422 · 2023: 406 · 2022: 383 · 2021: 369 · 2020: 168 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 32.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (R01-AR31737, C32585GG, R01AR050452)
- American Cancer Society (AI100874)
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund (AI130043, P30CA008748)
- European Commission (667837, HORIZON2020, 733100, 833247)
- Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (Sparse2Big)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1181, EXC 2151, SFBs 645, SFB 127, 390873048)
- European Research Area Network on Cardiovascular Diseases
- National Institutes of Health (2r01ar050452-21, C32585GG, AR050452, R01-AR050452)
- Ludwig Center at Harvard
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL112661)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI130043, R01AI100874)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR031737, R01-AR050452)
- H2020 European Research Council (833247)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- trained immunity, innate immune system, epigenetic reprogramming, metabolic reprogramming, immune-mediated diseases, chronic inflammation, tumor immunology, host defense
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immune System, Immune Tolerance, Immunity, Innate, Immune System Diseases, Immunologic Memory, Inflammation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Adaptive Immunity
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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