The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas

Waters, Michael R.; Forman, Steven L.; Jennings, Thomas A.; Nordt, Lee C.; Driese, Steven G.; Feinberg, Joshua M.; Keene, Joshua L.; Halligan, Jessi; Lindquist, Anna; Pierson, James; Hallmark, Charles T.; Collins, Michael B.; Wiederhold, James E.

doi:10.1126/science.1201855

Cited by 229Pleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyArchaeology and ancient environmental studiesArchaeological and Geological Studies

The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas

Waters, Michael R., Forman, Steven L., Jennings, Thomas A., Nordt, Lee C., Driese, Steven G., Feinberg, Joshua M., Keene, Joshua L., Halligan, Jessi +5 more·2011·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1201855

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Abstract

Compelling archaeological evidence of an occupation older than Clovis (~12.8 to 13.1 thousand years ago) in North America is present at only a few sites, and the stone tool assemblages from these sites are small and varied. The Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas, contains an assemblage of 15,528 artifacts that define the Buttermilk Creek Complex, which stratigraphically underlies a Clovis assemblage and dates between ~13.2 and 15.5 thousand years ago. The Buttermilk Creek Complex confirms the emerging view that people occupied the Americas before Clovis and provides a large artifact assemblage to explore Clovis origins.

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In recent years, there is an emerging consensus that people arrived in North America at or before 15,000 years ago.
“In recent years, there is an emerging consensus that people arrived in North America at or before 15,000 years ago, as suggested by several site discoveries over the past few decades [8–16].”
From New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
The type of ephemeral records revealed at sites like MV-I and CH-I does not easily fit the criteria of more laterally and/or vertically dense cultural deposits evidenced at later sites, such as MV-II, Arroyo Seco in Argentina, Gault and Friedkin sites in Texas, Clovis and other early localities in North America.
“Furthermore, the type of ephemeral records revealed at sites like MV-I and CH-I does not easily fit the criteria of more laterally and/or vertically dense cultural deposits evidenced at later sites, such as MV-II, Arroyo Seco in Argentina [52], Gault and Friedkin sites in Texas [9–10], Clovis and other early localities in North America [1,8,11].”
From New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile (2015) · cites this paper as [10]

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Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas
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Texas Site Confirms Pre-Clovis Settlement of the Americas
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Authors: Waters, M. R., Forman, S. L., Jennings, T. A., Nordt, L. C., Driese, S. G., Feinberg, J. M., Keene, J. L., Halligan, J., Lindquist, A., Pierson, J., Hallmark, C. T., Collins, M. B., & Wiederhold, J. E.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Baylor University (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
Texas State University (US)
Corresponding author: Waters, Michael R.
ORCID: Waters, Michael R.
Forman, Steven L.
Jennings, Thomas A.
Nordt, Lee C.
Driese, Steven G.
Feinberg, Joshua M.
Keene, Joshua L.
Halligan, Jessi
Lindquist, Anna
Collins, Michael B.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2011-03-25
Volume: 331
Issue: 6024
Pages: 1599-1603
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1201855
OpenAlex: W2028292442
Cited by: 229
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 106.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Archaeological and Geological Studies
Keywords: Clovis, lithic assemblages, Early Holocene, stratigraphy, artifact assemblages
MeSH terms: Anthropology, Cultural, Archaeology, Humans, Texas, Geologic Sediments, History, Ancient

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The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas

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