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Repeated Cortico-Striatal Stimulation Generates Persistent OCD-Like Behavior
Open accessAbstract
What Causes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?: Obsessive compulsive disorder is a severe, chronic mental illness that affects millions of individuals. However, the mechanisms underlying this disease are still largely unknown (see the Perspective by Rauch and Carlezon Jr. ). Ahmari et al. (p. 1234 ) stimulated glutamatergic pathways between the orbitofrontal cortex and the ventromedial striatum and used grooming to assess obsessive compulsive behavior in mice. Repetitive stimulation over days triggered changes in the neuronal responses of the ventromedial striatum. Over time, the behavior of the animals became independent of stimulation and could be prevented by the antidepressant fluoxetine. Burguière et al. (p. 1243 ) investigated the neural basis of obsessive compulsive symptoms in a mutant mouse that showed excessive expression of a conditioned form of grooming.
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“Accumulating evidence from animal and clinical research has shown that hyperactivity in the OFC-striatum pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathology of compulsivity64–66.”
From Dissociable roles of prefrontal plasticity in decision-making strategy and execution of habitual behavior (2026) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“While acute stimulation did not generate repetitive behaviors, repeated hyperactivation for multiple days in a row led to a progressive and persistent increase in grooming that correlated with an increased evoked-firing rate at OFC-VMS synapses.”
From DISSECTING OCD CIRCUITS: FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO TARGETED TREATMENTS: Review: Dissecting OCD Circuits: Animals to Treatments (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“Increased grooming and evoked firing were both reversed by chronic fluoxetine treatment.”
From DISSECTING OCD CIRCUITS: FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO TARGETED TREATMENTS: Review: Dissecting OCD Circuits: Animals to Treatments (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“Brief, repeated, optogenetic stimulation of mOFC terminals in VS progressively led to the development of repetitive grooming behavior that may be relevant to OCD (Ahmari et al., 2013).”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Ahmari et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“While these findings demonstrate that a circuit-level manipulation of OFC-VS projections produces OCD-like behaviors in mice (Ahmari et al., 2013)”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Ahmari et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Together, these data suggest that abnormal functional connectivity in this interregional connection could underlie pathological repetitive behaviors (Ahmari et al., 2013).”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Ahmari et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Moreover, they found that both grooming behaviour and the hyperactivity induced through chronic optogenetic stimulation were remediated using a common treatment for OCD, the selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (Ahmari et al., 2013).”
From The role of habit in compulsivity (2016) · cites this paper as Ahmari et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“They found that a causal relationship between this hyperactivity and the onset of compulsive grooming behaviour in otherwise healthy mice.”
From The role of habit in compulsivity (2016) · cites this paper as Ahmari et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Compulsive grooming can be induced by optogenetically increasing medial/ventral OFC-to-DS pathway activity [49].”
From Projection-specific deficits in synaptic transmission in adult Sapap3-knockout mice (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
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“The number of CTb + Fos cells (Figure 2F) and the percentage of CTb + Fos double-labelled cells out of the total number of CTb cells (Figure 2G) in both ipsilateral and contralateral OFC significantly increased after the oxycodone seeking test.”
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“…(low freezing/low avoiders) conditions is somewhat consistent with the differential effects of optogenetic stimulation of OFC circuits in normal (Ahmari et al., 2013) versus mutant (Burguiere et al., 2013) mice, and supports the importance of dissection of these circuits in both healthy and…”
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“Genetic and pharmacological interventions show that an excessive grooming phenotype is related to dysfunctions in serotonergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission within the corticostriatal circuitry (Tizabi et al., 2007; Shmelkov et al., 2010; Ahmari et al., 2013).”
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“[ 114 ] D B S i s e ff e c t i v e i n p a t i e n t s w i t h s e v e r e O C D w h o a r e r e s i s t a n t t o c o n v e n t i o n a l p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l tr e a t m e n t s [ 208 ] L o ss o f c o n tr o l S u b s t a n c e u s e d i s o r d e r s O p t o g e n e t i c s e l f-s t i m…”
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“This behavior was akin to compulsive grooming in rodents, which is elicited by the activation of excitatory inputs to the VS from the orbitofrontal cortex and midbrain dopamine neurons (Ahmari et al., 2013; Xue et al., 2022).”
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“The role of the medial OFC may be pivotal here, maintaining a relationship with dorsal and ventral striatum in a number of potentially related functions (22,38).”
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“This finding gains even more value as recent translational work has shown that optogenetically induced hyperactivity between orbitofrontal and striatal areas caused repetitive grooming behavior in mice (20), thereby showing a causal relation between corticostriatal hyperactive connections and OCD symptoms in a transla…”
ResultContemporary strategies for dissecting the neuronal basis of neurodevelopmental disorders
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“Ahmari et al. [131] reported that repeated optogenetic excitation of the axon terminals of the OFC in the ventral striatum generated persistent grooming behavior, a well-known compulsive-like behavior in mice.”
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“For instance, some reports describe decreases in mice grooming after treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine [44] [46].”
BackgroundThere Is Much to Be Learned From Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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“4 normal mice is sufficient to induce excessive grooming (31).”
BackgroundKiilerich, K. F., Lorenz, J., Scharff, M. B., Speth, N., Brandt, T. G., Czurylo, J., Xiong, M., Jessen, N. S., Casado-Sainz, A., Shalgunov, V., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/gy6m9 · Cited by 5
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“…suggest that both in human studies (Breiter and Rauch, 1996; Fettes et al., 2017; Menzies et al., 2008; Olver et al., 2009) and in animal studies (Ahmari et al., 2013; Corbit et al., 2019; Mondrag ´ on-Gonz ´ alez et al., 2024) striatal abnormalities were tied to OCD, with particular focus on…”
Eghdami, S., Saeidi, M., Gunturu, S., Boroon, M., & Shalbafan, M. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15101585 · Cited by 4
“…has provided compelling mechanistic evidence with clear causal relationships: fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from OCD patients to germ-free mice successfully transfers compulsive-like behaviors, while antibiotic treatment can rescue repetitive behaviors in genetic OCD models [19,20].”
Yin, L., Yu, Y., & Wang, Q. (2026) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-026-12613-6 · Cited by 4
Laing, B. T., Anderson, M. S., Jayan, A., Park, A. S., Erbaugh, L. J., Solís, Ó., Wilson, D. J., Michaelides, M., & Aponte, Y. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0417-24.2024 · Cited by 4
“The emergence of grooming behavior after exposure to predatory threat (Dell ’ Omo and Alleva, 1994) or environmental stress (Moyaho and Valencia, 2002) has been shown previously (Ahmari et al., 2013).”
Xing, X., Jin, L., Li, Q., Chen, L., Xue, Z., Peng, Z., Shi, F., & Shen, D. G. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60365-6_12 · Cited by 4
Sonia, S. B. A., Siddiki, M. N. A., Sultana, S., Chowdhury, I. H., Sinha, S., Ahmad, R., Mehta, M., & Haque, M. (2025) · Advances in Human Biology · doi:10.4103/aihb.aihb_10_25 · Cited by 4
Glutamate Function in Anxiety Disorders and OCD: Evidence from Clinical and Translational Studies
Boff, T. C., Soares, S. J. B., Lima, M. D. M., & Ignácio, Z. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87480-3_19 · Cited by 4
Bloch, M. H., Lennington, J. B., Szuhay, G., & Lombroso, P. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410529-4.00106-6 · Cited by 4
Löchner, C., Naudé, P. J. W., & Stein, D. J. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230829145425 · Cited by 4
“…behaviours and grooming reminiscent of some OCD in rodents and primates [15, 16] have highlighted the importance of fronto-striatal circuitry, as well as the serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmitter systems [17-25] (For comprehensive reviews, see Ahmari and Chamber-lain et al .”
Neuroimaging of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Insights into Serotonergic Mechanisms
Lissemore, J. I., Booij, L., Leyton, M., Gravel, P., Sookman, D., NORDAHL, T. E., & Benkelfat, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57231-0_13 · Cited by 4
Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Martins, G. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42713-3_2 · Cited by 4
A step forward in elucidating the mystery of OCD
Kohl, S., Ebbert, L., Sartorius, A., & Kuhn, J. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0584-2 · Cited by 4
“The main finding was that repeated stimulation elicited excessive grooming behavior, which counts in translational studies as a valid animal model for obsessive–compulsive symptom, and this compulsive behavior persisted even up to 2 weeks after stimulation [6].”
BackgroundKöse, S., & Çetin, M. (2017) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1357355 · Cited by 4
Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
Meaney, M. J., Liebowitz, M. L., & Leonardo, E. D. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch20 · Cited by 4
Wang, B., Tran, M. N., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Olfson, E., Wang, G., Sun, N., Dea, J., Olwal, C. O., Bertolace, L., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.25337672 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSinger, H. S., & Pellicciotti, J. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.08.003 · Cited by 4
Noisy neuromorphic circuit modeling Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Barzegarjalali, S., Yue, K., & Parker, A. C. (2016) · IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC) · doi:10.1109/socc.2016.7905502 · Cited by 3
“OCD is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition characterized by intrusive distressing thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive ritualized mental or behavioral acts (compulsions), normally acted on to alleviate anxiety [3], [4].”
Backgroundda Silva, J. F., Taguchi, L. M., Leite, E. D. S., & de Oliveira, A. R. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.025 · Cited by 3
Montoya, B., Lazar, H., & Fleishman, K. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000847 · Cited by 3
Parallel neuronal structural plasticity with memory trace formation in the orbitofrontal cortex
Yount, S. T., Li, D. C., Stachowicz, K. M., Seo, E. H., Knight, K. A., Wiggins-Gamble, A., Allen, A. T., & Gourley, S. L. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63542-8 · Cited by 3
“In some circumstances, stimulation of excitatory OFC neurons paradoxically obstructstheverysame fl exiblechoicebehavior,inducing habit-like actions 8,13 and compulsive-like behavior 39,40 , often considered related to habit.”
Hearne, L. J., Yeo, B. T. T., Webb, L., Zalesky, A., Fitzgerald, P. B., Murphy, O. W., Tian, Y., Breakspear, M. J., Hall, C. V., Choi, S., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03416-z · Cited by 4
Elucidating neural network changes induced by deep brain stimulation for OCD
Kuhn, J., & Baldermann, J. C. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa108 · Cited by 3
Morphopathological changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Drăgoi, A. M., Pecie, L.-G., Patrichi, B. E., & Ladea, M. (2020) · Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology · doi:10.47162/rjme.61.1.06 · Cited by 3
Lopuch, A. J., Swinehart, B. D., Widener, E. L., Holley, Z. L., Bland, K. M., Handwerk, C. J., Brett, C. A., Cook, H. N., Kalinowski, A. R., Rodriguez, H. V., et al. (2022) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-022-00691-2 · Cited by 3
“Self-grooming behaviors are driven by excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons [1, 3] and excitatory hippocampal pyramidal neurons [36].”
BackgroundRight-deviating prismatic adaptation reduces obsessions in a community sample
Magnani, B., Frassinetti, F., Franceschini, C., Dimaggio, G., & Musetti, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025379 · Cited by 3
“Some consider this disorder as stemming from alterations of the central nervous system, specifically in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical network (Ahmari et al., 2013; Goodman et al., 2021).”
BackgroundAbdallah, S. B., Olfson, E., & Fernandez, T. V. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19176-3.00011-x · Cited by 3
Lather, Rinse, Repeat? Breaking Repetitive Behaviors With Repetitive Stimulation
Lissemore, J. I., & Williams, N. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.21030265 · Cited by 3
Lee, A. T., & Sohal, V. S. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.002 · Cited by 3
Opportunities and challenges in psychopharmacology
Schulz, P. (2019) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.2/pschulz · Cited by 3
The Neurobiology of Tic Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Pittenger, C. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0065 · Cited by 3
Behavioral Studies in Drosophila Models of Human Diseases
Zhu, Y., Lazopulo, S., Syed, S., & Zhai, R. G. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23965-5 · Cited by 3
Disruption of Tonic Endocannabinoid Signaling Triggers the Generation of a Stress ResponsePreprint
Petrie, G. N., Balsevich, G., Füzesi, T., Aukema, R. J., Driever, W. P. F., van der Stelt, M., Bainsand, J. S., & Hill, M. N. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509585 · Cited by 3
“Despite the well known importance of striatal circuits in driving grooming behaviors (Ahmari et al., 2013; Ramírez-Armenta et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021), consistent with our other data, local administration of AM251 into the PVN produced an increase in grooming, while a comparable manipulation…”
ResultVaghi, M. M. S., Nørgaard, M., Shim, S., Rios, J. A. H., Bissett, P. G., Rodríguez, C. I., & Poldrack, R. A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.654808 · Cited by 3
“Animal research has also demonstrated a causal role for the orbitofrontal cortex in modulating compulsive behaviour and habits 37 .”
Neurotensin-specific corticothalamic circuit regulates innate response conflict
Park, G., Park, Y., Yang, S., Cho, Y., Serikov, A., Jung, D., Seo, D.-C., Lee, S. E., Nam, M., Kim, D., et al. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.068 · Cited by 2
Altered Striatal Functional Gradients in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Webb, L., Hearne, L. J., Tian, Y., Zalesky, A., Robinson, C., Hall, C. V., Sonkusare, S., Burgher, B., Breakspear, M. J., Meyer, G. M., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.07.006 · Cited by 2
Biological Mechanisms and Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Pittenger, C. (2026) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-020516 · Cited by 6
Targeting notch signaling to restore neural development and behavior in mouse models of ASD
Hanno, Y., Nakanishi, M., Takase, A., Nomura, J., Tanaka, M., Iida, Y., Tanaka, M., Hosokawa, H., Ito, M., Mikami, K., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70321-6 · Cited by 2
“Notably, reduction in MSNs may underlie repetitive behaviors, asmouse grooming behavioris correlated with dysfunction in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-corticalloop 63 .”
Price, R. B., Ferrarelli, F., Hanlon, C. A., Gillan, C. M., Kim, T., Siegle, G. J., Wallace, M. L., Renard, M., Kaskie, R. E., Degutis, M., et al. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221103136 · Cited by 2
Self-citationXiong, Y., Wang, B., Shang, Y., Liu, H., Zhan, Z., Xu, Q., Wang, K., Zhang, Z., & Sun, T.-T. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1169927 · Cited by 2
Yount, S. T., Wang, S., Allen, A. T., Shapiro, L. P., Butkovich, L. M., & Gourley, S. L. (2024) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102632 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ahmari, S. E., Spellman, T., Douglass, N. L., Kheirbek, M. A., Simpson, H. B., Deisseroth, K., Gordon, J. A., & Hen, R.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ahmari, Susanne E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2013-06-07
- Volume
- 340
- Issue
- 6137
- Pages
- 1234-1239
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3954809
- OpenAlex
- W2003956812
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 51.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh096274-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH091555, R01-MH096274, K01MH099371, K08MH087718)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit, orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial striatum, grooming, fluoxetine, optogenetics, mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Channelrhodopsins, Adenoviridae, Animals, Bacterial Proteins, Behavior, Animal, Corpus Striatum, Electric Stimulation, Fluoxetine, Frontal Lobe, Luminescent Proteins, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Thalamus, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Artificial Gene Fusion, Mice, Optogenetics
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