The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Possible Etiology of Schizophrenia: Progressive Damage to the Noradrenergic Reward System by 6-Hydroxydopamine
Abstract
Single or repeated intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine caused marked and long-lasting deficits in brain self-stimulation and other rewarded behaviors in the rat. The behavioral deficits, as well as the depletion of brain norepinephrine induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, were prevented by prior treatment with chlorpromazine. Episodic or continuous formation of endogenous 6-hydroxydopamine in man as a result of a genetically determined enzymatic error could selectively damage the binding capacity and, eventually, the structural integrity of the noradrenergic reward mechanism. Such damage might cause the fundamental symptoms and long-term downhill course of schizophrenia.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0058775 · Cited by 3,176
Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia.
Meehl, P. E. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0041029 · Cited by 2,019
Teitelbaum, P., & Epstein, A. N. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0039285 · Cited by 883
EFFECTS OF 6‐HYDROXYDOPAMINE ON CATECHOLAMINE CONTAINING NEURONES IN THE RAT BRAIN
Uretsky, N. J., & Iversen, L. L. (1970) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb02210.x · Cited by 653
Udenfriend, S. (1966) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)07173-x · Cited by 501
Breese, G. R., & Traylor, D. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/xd59-xs65 · Cited by 487
Osmond, H., & Smythies, J. (1952) · Journal of Mental Science · doi:10.1192/bjp.98.411.309 · Cited by 472
Hypothalamic Substrates of Reward
Olds, J. (1962) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1962.42.4.554 · Cited by 469
Lesions of Central Norepinephrine Terminals with 6-OH-Dopamine: Biochemistry and Fine Structure
Bloom, F. E., Algeri, S., Groppetti, A., Revuelta, A., & Costa, E. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.166.3910.1284 · Cited by 420
Morphological and Functional Aspects of Central Monoamine Neurons
(1970) · International Review of Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60167-1 · Cited by 352
Cited by
The neuropsychology of schizophrenia
Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R., & Smith, A. D. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065055 · Cited by 1,350
The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: A Review*
Meltzer, H. Y., & Stahl, S. M. (1976) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/2.1.19 · Cited by 883
Swerdlow, N. R., & Koob, G. F. (1987) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00047488 · Cited by 674
The neuropsychology of 3-D space.
Previc, F. H. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.123 · Cited by 604
Akiskal, H. S., & McKinney, W. T. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.182.4107.20 · Cited by 389
Metadata
- Authors
- Stein, L., & Wise, C. D.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1971-03-12
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 3975
- Pages
- 1032-1036
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1993738089
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 32
- FWCI
- 14.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Possible Etiology of Schizophrenia: Progressive Damage to the Noradrenergic Reward System by 6-Hydroxydopamine. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1126/science.171.3975.1032
- The paper
- Stein, L., & Wise, C. D. (1971). Possible Etiology of Schizophrenia: Progressive Damage to the Noradrenergic Reward System by 6-Hydroxydopamine. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3975.1032
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.