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A Protein-Counting Mechanism for Telomere Length Regulation in Yeast
Open accessAbstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , telomere elongation is negatively regulated by the telomere repeat-binding protein Rap1p, such that a narrow length distribution of telomere repeat tracts is observed. This length regulation was shown to function independently of the orientation of the telomere repeats. The number of repeats at an individual telomere was reduced when hybrid proteins containing the Rap1p carboxyl terminus were targeted there by a heterologous DNA-binding domain. The extent of this telomere tract shortening was proportional to the number of targeted molecules, consistent with a feedback mechanism of telomere length regulation that can discriminate the precise number of Rap1p molecules bound to the chromosome end.
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“However, a strong common theme that has emerged is the likely involvement of a protein-counting mechanism in both systems (31, 44).”
From Control of Human Telomere Length by TRF1 and TRF2 (2000) · cites this paper as [31]
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Subtelomeric factors antagonize telomere anchoring and Tel1‐independent telomere length regulation
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“Studies in yeast and human cells indicate that cells count telomere-binding proteins to determine their telomere length (34, 35).”
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“It has been proposed that normally, two mutually reinforcing telomeric components contribute to length control: a proper regulatory end structure that is disrupted upon incorporation of mutant residues into the terminal telomeric repeat(s); and a higher-order structure, destabilized by telomere shortening, that normal…”
BackgroundProteins that bind to double-stranded regions of telomeric DNA
Brun, C., Marcand, S., & Gilson, É. (1997) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0962-8924(97)01092-1 · Cited by 49
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Tsai, H.-J., Huang, W., Li, T., Tsai, Y.-L., Wu, K., Tseng, S., & Teng, S. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m600649200 · Cited by 49
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“The copy number of the Rap1p complex negatively regulates telomere length (24, 47).”
BackgroundHumanizing the yeast telomerase template
Henning, K. A., Moskowitz, N. H., Ashlock, M. A., & Liu, P. P. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.10.5667 · Cited by 47
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“Terf1 was proposed to play a role in regulating telomere length (41), and there is evidence that Terf1 expression has a prognostic role in adrenal tumors (42).”
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Eugster, A., Lanzuolo, C., Bonneton, M., Luciano, P., Pollice, A., Pulitzer, J. F., Stegberg, E., Berthiau, A.-S., Förstemann, K., Corda, Y., et al. (2006) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb1126 · Cited by 45
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Telomere length measurement by Q-FISH
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“binding proteins (TRF1 in vertebrates) (41, 62).”
Varying the number of telomere-bound proteins does not alter telomere length in tel1Δ cells
Ray, A., & Runge, K. W. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.26.15044 · Cited by 43
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“Our results extend previous work (34, 45, 46) by demonstrating a”
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“Hence, I predict that accumulation of the Pot1 complex on the synthesised telomere G-strand DNA serves to release telomerase, reminiscent of the classic counting mechanism (Marcand et al. 1997).”
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“The “protein counting” model postulates a negative feedback loop, by which the stochastic association of telomerase is increasingly suppressed when increasing amounts of Rap1, Rif1, and Rif2 are present [43, 47-51].”
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“Thisbinaryswitch iscontrolledby longrange protein interactions (Loayza and De Lange, 2003; Marcand et al., 1997), dynamic shifts among core components of telomere complexes (Jun et al., 2013), and posttranslational modification (Garg et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Miyagawa et al., 2014; Zhang et…”
BackgroundTelomeres, senescence and cellular radiation response
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Brunori, M., Luciano, P., Gilson, É., & G�li, V. (2005) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-004-0616-2 · Cited by 32
“The repressive chromatin complex, composed minimally of Rap1 and of two Rap1-interacting factors, Rif1 and Rif2, also involved in the Rap1-dependent regulation [76], was found to be dynamically remodeled over the course of the cell cycle [77].”
BackgroundInfluentialBeginning to Understand the End of the Chromosome
Cech, T. R. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527620982.ch1 · Cited by 33
Xu, M., Kiselar, J., Whited, T. L., Hernandez-Sanchez, W. M., & Taylor, D. J. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1905381116 · Cited by 32
“In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, telomere length homeostasis is regulated by a protein-counting mechanism, whereby the length of the telomere DNA and the relative number of telomere proteins bound to it differentially influence telomerase-mediated extension (17, 18).”
BackgroundPOT1‐independent single‐strand telomeric DNA binding activities in Brassicaceae
Shakirov, E. V., McKnight, T. D., & Shippen, D. E. (2009) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03837.x · Cited by 31
“, 1998), telomerase regulation (Marcand et al., 1997) and T-loop formation (Griffith et al.”
BackgroundKo, S., Jun, S., Bae, H., Byun, J.-S., Han, W., Park, H., Yang, S. W., Park, S., Jeon, Y. H., Cheong, C., et al. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn030 · Cited by 29
“Excess scRAP1 bound at the telomere negatively regulates telomere elongation in cis through the inhibition of telomerase activity (22,23).”
BackgroundRaymond, É., Soria, J., lzbicka, E., Boussin, F. D., Hurley, L. H., & Hoff, D. D. V. (2000) · Investigational New Drugs · doi:10.1023/a:1006373812586 · Cited by 31
“Basically, TRF1 regulates telomere length and TRF2 maintains telomere integrity [19, 32 ,33].”
BackgroundMte1 interacts with Mph1 and promotes crossover recombination and telomere maintenancePreprint
Silva, S. D. R., Altmannová, V., Luke-Glaser, S., Henriksen, P., Gallina, I., Yang, X., Choudhary, C., Luke, B., Krejčí, L., & Lisby, M. (2016) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.276204.115 · Cited by 30
Characterization of the Yeast Telomere Nucleoprotein Core
Williams, T. L., Levy, D. L., Maki-Yonekura, S., Yonekura, K., & Blackburn, E. H. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.170167 · Cited by 29
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rif1 cooperates with MRX‐Sae2 in promoting DNA‐end resection
Martina, M., Bonetti, D., Villa, M., Lucchini, G., & Longhese, M. P. (2014) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1002/embr.201338338 · Cited by 29
“Rif1 has been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a negative regulator of telomere length and transcriptional silencing [1,2].”
Quantitative Biology of Human Shelterin and Telomerase: Searching for the Weakest Point
Veverka, P., Janovič, T., & Hofr, C. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20133186 · Cited by 29
“Originally, the negative feedback loop for telomere length regulation was suggested in yeast by the Shore laboratory [62].”
BackgroundInhibition of yeast telomerase action by the telomeric ssDNA-binding protein, Cdc13p
Zappulla, D. C., Roberts, J. N., Goodrich, K. J., Cech, T. R., & Wuttke, D. S. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn830 · Cited by 28
“The observation that targeting the C-terminus of Rap1p to telomeres leads to telomere shortening, and that this is proportional to the number of molecules at a given telomere, led to the ‘protein-counting model’ of telomere length regulation by Rap1p (14).”
BackgroundDetection of Telomerase Activity in Tissues and Primary Cultured Lymphoid Cells of Penaeus japonicus
Lang, G.-H., Wang, Y., Nomura, N., & Matsumura, M. (2004) · Marine Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10126-003-0038-0 · Cited by 29
“In ciliated protozoa and yeast, telomerase is regulated and the average telomere length is maintained (Klobutcher et al., 1981; McEachern and Blackburn, 1995; Marcand et al., 1997).”
The C Terminus of the Major Yeast Telomere Binding Protein Rap1p Enhances Telomere Formation
Ray, A., & Runge, K. W. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.3.1284 · Cited by 30
“In addition, recent work has shown that yeast cells monitor the number of Rap1p C termini at each telomere (35, 42).”
BackgroundTelomerase in cancer: Clinical applications
Urquidi, V., Tarin, D., & Goodison, S. (1998) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899809002483 · Cited by 29
The many types of heterogeneity in replicative senescence
Xu, Z., & Teixeira, M. T. (2019) · Yeast · doi:10.1002/yea.3433 · Cited by 29
Sudden Telomere Lengthening Triggers a Rad53-dependent Checkpoint inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Viscardi, V., Baroni, E., Romano, M., Lucchini, G., & Longhese, M. P. (2003) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e02-11-0719 · Cited by 27
“It has been suggested that the Rap1/Rif complex may modulate telomerase activity by acting in a length-sensing mechanism based on the binding of one Rap1 protein per 15–18 base pairs of TG repeats (Conrad et al., 1990; Gilson et al., 1993; Marcand et al., 1997 ).”
BackgroundTelomere Length Regulation—A View from the Individual Chromosome Perspective
Slijepčević, P. (1998) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1006/excr.1998.4185 · Cited by 28
At Short Telomeres Tel1 Directs Early Replication and Phosphorylates Rif1
Sridhar, A., Kędziora, S., & Donaldson, A. D. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004691 · Cited by 27
“Cells lacking either Rif1 or Rif2 have abnormally long telomeres due to uncontrolled lengthening by telomerase [13].”
BackgroundHwang, M. G., Kim, K., Lee, W.-K., & Cho, M. H. (2005) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-004-1096-3 · Cited by 26
“…cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, respectively), and hTRF1 and hTRF2 from human are now well characterized (Chong et al. 1995; Cooper et al. 1997; Marcand et al. 1997; Smith et al. 1998; van Steensel et al. 1998; Kim et al. 1999; Li et al. 2000; Baumann and Cech 2001; Zhou and Lu 2001).”
BackgroundTelomeres and radiation-induced chromosome breakage
Shjepcevic, P., Natarajan, A. T., & Bryant, P. E. (1998) · Mutagenesis · doi:10.1093/mutage/13.1.45 · Cited by 27
TRF2 inhibition promotes anchorage-independent growth of telomerase-positive human fibroblasts
Brunori, M., Mathieu, N., Ricoul, M., Bauwens, S., Koering, C., de Climens, A. R., Belleville, A., Wang, Q., Puisieux, I., Décimo, D., et al. (2005) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209135 · Cited by 26
“Telomeric proteins are essential to preserve chromosome stability by controlling telomere length, recombination and DNA damage checkpoint (Marcand et al., 1997; Ferreira and Cooper, 2001).”
BackgroundDynamics of Telomeric DNA Turnover in Yeast
McEachern, M. J., Underwood, D. H., & Blackburn, E. H. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/160.1.63 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Marcand, S., Gilson, E., & Shore, D.
- Affiliations
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (FR)
- E. Gilson, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR49 CNRS/ENSL, 69364 Lyon Cédex 07, France.
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Marcand, Stéphane
- Shore, David
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1997-02-14
- Volume
- 275
- Issue
- 5302
- Pages
- 986-990
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1978002329
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 23.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01gm040094-09)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 40094)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- telomere length regulation, Rap1p, feedback regulation, protein-DNA interactions, telomere elongation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, telomere shortening
- MeSH terms
- Binding Sites, Fungal Proteins, Genetic Markers, Mutation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Transformation, Genetic, Chromosomes, Fungal, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Telomere, Telomerase, GTP-Binding Proteins, rap GTP-Binding Proteins
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