The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness
Abstract
The initial behavioral reaction to unfamiliar events is a distinctive source of intraspecific variation in humans and other animals. Two longitudinal studies of 2-year-old children who were extreme in the display of either behavioral restraint or spontaneity in unfamiliar contexts revealed that by 7 years of age a majority of the restrained group were quiet and socially avoidant with unfamiliar children and adults whereas a majority of the more spontaneous children were talkative and interactive. The group differences in peripheral physiological reactions suggest that inherited variation in the threshold of arousal in selected limbic sites may contribute to shyness in childhood and even extreme degrees of social avoidance in adults.
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“the present study provides unique evidence that early-life temperament does not just reflect differences in neural reactivity to trait-relevant cues (e.g., the amygdala's threshold to respond or peak response to threat2, 73), but is also embodied in the intrinsic activity of the brain.”
From Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources.
Beatty, J. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.276 · Cited by 1,959
The Physiology and Psychology of Behavioral Inhibition in Children
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. C. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130685 · Cited by 1,368
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Behavioral Inhibition to the Unfamiliar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Clarke, C., Snidman, N. C., & Garcia-Coll, C. T. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129793 · Cited by 741
Self-citationBehavioral Inhibition in Young Children
Coll, C. G., Kagan, J., & Reznick, J. S. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130152 · Cited by 637
Self-citationHitchcock, J., & Davis, M. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.100.1.11 · Cited by 541
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Defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus..
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Sarter, M. F., & Markowitsch, H. J. (1985) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.99.2.342 · Cited by 294
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- ADAMEC, R.E., LIMBIC SYSTEM FUNCTI: 129 (1986).
- COHEN, D.H., LIMBIC AUTONOMIC NER: 223 (1974).
- COHEN, D.H., MEMORY SYSTEMS BRAIN: 27 (1985).
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- WALKER, R.F., STEROID HORMONES SAL: 33 (1984).
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Takahashi, T., Kawashima, I., Nitta, Y., & Kumano, H. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119841848 · Cited by 55
The phenomenon of claimed memories of previous lives: possible interpretations and importance
Stevenson, I. (2000) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1054/mehy.1999.0920 · Cited by 47
Blaskey, L. G., Harris, L. J., & Nigg, J. T. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040701660291 · Cited by 41
The relevance of age of onset to the psychopathology of social phobia
Rosellini, A. J., Rutter, L. A., Bourgeois, M. L., Emmert-Aronson, B. O., & Brown, T. A. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9338-5 · Cited by 38
Procedural Learning and the Development and Stability of Character
Grigsby, J., & Hartlaub, G. H. (1994) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.355 · Cited by 38
Clauss, J. A., Cowan, R. L., & Blackford, J. U. (2011) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-010-0007-9 · Cited by 34
Waters, A. M., Craske, M. G., Bergman, R. L., Naliboff, B. D., Negoro, H., & Ornitz, E. M. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.014 · Cited by 32
Lampe, L. A. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670903179111 · Cited by 18
Personalized Clinical Approaches to Anxiety Disorders
Perna, G., Alciati, A., Sangiorgio, E., Caldirola, D., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_25 · Cited by 15
Ellenbogen, M. A., Linnen, A.-M., Santo, J. B., aan het Rot, M., Hodgins, S., & Young, S. N. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.005 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1988-04-08
- Volume
- 240
- Issue
- 4849
- Pages
- 167-171
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2081281959
- Cited by
- 1,577
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 44.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH40691)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- childhood shyness, social avoidance, behavioral restraint, spontaneity, temperament, limbic system, arousal threshold, heritability, longitudinal development
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Preschool, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Muscles, Norepinephrine, Saliva, Shyness, Sympathetic Nervous System
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