Cited by 1,577Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness

Kagan, Jerome, Reznick, J. Steven, Snidman, Nancy·1988·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.3353713

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Abstract

The initial behavioral reaction to unfamiliar events is a distinctive source of intraspecific variation in humans and other animals. Two longitudinal studies of 2-year-old children who were extreme in the display of either behavioral restraint or spontaneity in unfamiliar contexts revealed that by 7 years of age a majority of the restrained group were quiet and socially avoidant with unfamiliar children and adults whereas a majority of the more spontaneous children were talkative and interactive. The group differences in peripheral physiological reactions suggest that inherited variation in the threshold of arousal in selected limbic sites may contribute to shyness in childhood and even extreme degrees of social avoidance in adults.

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Authors: Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Yale University (US)
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1988-04-08
Volume: 240
Issue: 4849
Pages: 167-171
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.3353713
OpenAlex: W2081281959
Cited by: 1,577
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 44.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH40691)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: childhood shyness, social avoidance, behavioral restraint, spontaneity, temperament, limbic system, arousal threshold, heritability, longitudinal development
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Child, Preschool, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Muscles, Norepinephrine, Saliva, Shyness, Sympathetic Nervous System

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Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness

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