The development of human fetal eye movement patterns.
Abstract
The eye can be visualized ultrasonically in more than 90 percent of fetuses 16 through 42 weeks of gestational age. Slow eye movements are present by 16 weeks. Rapid eye movements begin at 23 weeks and become more frequent between 24 and 35 weeks. Eye inactivity becomes more common after 36 weeks and is associated with sustained diaphragmatic excursions implying a "quiet sleep" state. Pathologic eye movements were seen in four fetuses with dysmorphic brain structure.
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- Authors
- Birnholz, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Birnholz, Jason C.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1981-08-07
- Volume
- 213
- Issue
- 4508
- Pages
- 679-681
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2045928685
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Ocular Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- fetal eye movements, fetal development, rapid eye movements, quiet sleep, diaphragmatic excursion, gestational age
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Eye, Eye Movements, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Pregnancy, Sleep, Ultrasonics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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