Cited by 131Fetal and Pediatric Neurological DisordersOcular Disorders and TreatmentsSleep and Wakefulness Research

The development of human fetal eye movement patterns.

Birnholz, Jason C.·1981·Science

Abstract

The eye can be visualized ultrasonically in more than 90 percent of fetuses 16 through 42 weeks of gestational age. Slow eye movements are present by 16 weeks. Rapid eye movements begin at 23 weeks and become more frequent between 24 and 35 weeks. Eye inactivity becomes more common after 36 weeks and is associated with sustained diaphragmatic excursions implying a "quiet sleep" state. Pathologic eye movements were seen in four fetuses with dysmorphic brain structure.

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Crossref · 10.1126/science.7256272

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14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Birnholz, J. C.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Birnholz, Jason C.
Venue
Science
Published
1981-08-07
Volume
213
Issue
4508
Pages
679-681
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
OpenAlex
W2045928685
Cited by
131
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI
5.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Ocular Disorders and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords
fetal eye movements, fetal development, rapid eye movements, quiet sleep, diaphragmatic excursion, gestational age
MeSH terms
Brain, Eye, Eye Movements, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Pregnancy, Sleep, Ultrasonics

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