The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Epidemiology Faces Its Limits: The search for subtle links between diet, lifestyle, or environmental factors and disease is an unending source of fear—but often yields little certainty
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“or by other forms of bias.”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, such associations reported in epidemiological studies are often not reliable estimates of causal effects”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“and can be produced by confounding (that is, by another factor that affects both the outcome and exposure)1 2 3”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
Clinical Research -- What Should the Public Believe?
Angell, M. E., & Kassirer, J. P. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199407213310309 · Cited by 105
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 · Cited by 10,505
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128
Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 · Cited by 8,613
“For example, some have argued that relative risks below 2 or 3 should be ignored [210,211].”
Sensitivity analysis in observational research: Introducing the E-value
VanderWeele, T. J., & Ding, P. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2607 · Cited by 6,350
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882
Metadata
- Authors
- Taubes, G.
- Corresponding author
- Taubes, Gary
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1995-07-14
- Volume
- 269
- Issue
- 5221
- Pages
- 164-169
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2006825115
- Cited by
- 841
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 244.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Historical and modern epidemiology studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Keywords
- epidemiology, causal inference, observational studies, confounding
- MeSH terms
- Epidemiologic Methods, Epidemiology, Humans, Mass Media, Publishing, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Bias, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
