Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
Abstract
Statistical guidelines and expert statements are now available to assist in the analysis and reporting of studies in some biomedical disciplines. We present here a more progressive resource for sample-based studies, meta-analyses, and case studies in sports medicine and exercise science. We offer forthright advice on the following controversial or novel issues: using precision of estimation for inferences about population effects in preference to null-hypothesis testing, which is inadequate for assessing clinical or practical importance; justifying sample size via acceptable precision or confidence for clinical decisions rather than via adequate power for statistical significance; showing SD rather than SEM, to better communicate the magnitude of differences in means and nonuniformity of error; avoiding purely nonparametric analyses, which cannot provide inferences about magnitude and are unnecessary; using regression statistics in validity studies, in preference to the impractical and biased limits of agreement; making greater use of qualitative methods to enrich sample-based quantitative projects; and seeking ethics approval for public access to the depersonalized raw data of a study, to address the need for more scrutiny of research and better meta-analyses. Advice on less contentious issues includes the following: using covariates in linear models to adjust for confounders, to account for individual differences, and to identify potential mechanisms of an effect; using log…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The unexplained residual differences between studies (random effect) were large (~21%) but fell to moderate when all predictors were included in the model.
“The unexplained residual differences between studies, represented by the random effect, were large (~21%) but fell to moderate, when all predictors were included in the model (Hopkins et al., 2009).”
From Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies (2016) · cites this paper as Hopkins et al., 2009
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,385 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020 · see citing works
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010 · Cited by 17,796 · see citing works
What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments
Perneger, T. V. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1236 · Cited by 5,900 · see citing works
Moher, D., Cook, D. J., Eastwood, S., Olkin, I., Rennie, D., & Stroup, D. F. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)04149-5 · Cited by 4,826 · see citing works
Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science
Hopkins, W. G. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001 · Cited by 4,635 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration
Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Moher, D., Egger, M., Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., Gøtzsche, P. C., Lang, T., & for the CONSORT Group (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 · Cited by 3,835 · see citing works
Vandenbroucke, J. P., Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., Egger, M., & initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010-w1 · Cited by 3,543 · see citing works
Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7379.41 · Cited by 3,215
Towards Complete and Accurate Reporting of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: The STARD Initiative
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P., Irwig, L., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2003) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00443-5 · Cited by 3,182 · see citing works
Users' guides to the medical literature
Guyatt, G. H. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.270.17.2096 · Cited by 2,970 · see citing works
Making Meaningful Inferences About Magnitudes
Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.1.50 · Cited by 2,186 · see citing works
Self-citationSterne, J. A. C. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7280.226 · Cited by 1,466 · see citing works
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group* (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00011 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
The STARD Statement for Reporting Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: Explanation and Elaboration
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P., Irwig, L., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., & Lijmer, J. G. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.1.7 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature
Jaeschke, R. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510290071040 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Guidelines for Meta-analyses Evaluating Diagnostic Tests
Irwig, L., Tosteson, A. N. A., Gatsonis, C., Lau, J., Colditz, G. A., Chalmers, T. C., & Mosteller, F. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-8-199404150-00008 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement
HOPKINS, W. G., HAWLEY, J. A., & BURKE, L. M. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199903000-00018 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Self-citationHopkins, W. G. (2007) · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to Use an Article About a Diagnostic Test
Scales, C. D., Dahm, P., Sultan, S., Campbell-Scherer, D. L., & Devereaux, P. J. (2008) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.026 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
A Simple Approximation for Unbiased Estimation of the Standard Deviation
Gurland, J., & Tripathi, R. C. (1971) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1971.10477279 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Performance Related Emotional States in Sport: A Qualitative Analysis
Hanin, Y. L. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-4.1.747 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Erratum: Risk Factors and Risk Statistics for Sports Injuries
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Quarrie, K. L., & Hume, P. A. (2007) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3180592a68 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationGuidelines for reporting statistics in journals published by the American Physiological Society
Curran‐Everett, D., & Benos, D. J. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Medicine & science in sports & exercise
Walle, J. M. L., Solá, I. B., Castillo, I., & Rodríguez, J. L. T. (1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92575-5 · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
Milanović, Z., Sporiš, G., & Weston, M. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?
Buchheit, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00073 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
High-Intensity Interval Training, Solutions to the Programming Puzzle
Buchheit, M., & Laursen, P. B. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0066-5 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002200 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2020 Update
Harriss, D., MacSween, A., & Atkinson, G. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1015-3123 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Plews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Stanley, J., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Cardiac Parasympathetic Reactivation Following Exercise: Implications for Training Prescription
Stanley, J., Peake, J. M., & Buchheit, M. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Hulin, B. T., Gabbett, T. J., Lawson, D. W., Caputi, P., & Sampson, J. A. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094817 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2016 Update
Harriss, D., & Atkinson, G. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1565186 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Running economy: Measurement, norms, and determining factors
Barnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2015) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-015-0007-y · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Standards for Ethics in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2018 Update
Harriss, D., MacSween, A., & Atkinson, G. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-124001 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Harper, D. J., Carling, C., & Kiely, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Match Running Performance and Fitness in Youth Soccer
Buchheit, M., Méndez-Villanueva, A., Simpson, B. M., & Bourdon, P. C. (2010) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1262838 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
McLester, C. N., Nickerson, B. S., Kliszczewicz, B. M., & McLester, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2018.10.008 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
McLaren, S. J., Macpherson, T. W., Coutts, A. J., Hurst, C., Spears, I. R., & Weston, M. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0830-z · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Cassar, S., Misso, M. L., Hopkins, W. G., Shaw, C. S., Teede, H. J., & Stepto, N. K. (2016) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dew243 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute and Residual Soccer Match-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Silva, J. R., Rumpf, M., Hertzog, M., Castagna, C., Farooq, A., Girard, O., & Hader, K. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0798-8 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
On-Court Demands of Elite Handball, with Special Reference to Playing Positions
Karcher, C., & Buchheit, M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0164-z · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Weston, M., Taylor, K. L., Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0180-z · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationSprint Running Performance Monitoring: Methodological and Practical Considerations
Haugen, T. A., & Buchheit, M. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0446-0 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health.
Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., Nieman, D. C., Dhabhar, F. S., Shephard, R. J., Oliver, S. J., Bermon, S., & Kajėnienė, A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Bradley, P. S., Carling, C., Gómez-Díaz, A. J., Hood, P., Barnes, C., Ade, J., Boddy, M., Krustrup, P., & Mohr, M. (2013) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2013.06.002 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Alcázar, J., Losa‐Reyna, J., Rodríguez-López, C., Alfaro‐Acha, A., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., Ara, I., García‐García, F. J., & Alegre, L. M. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.08.006 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Madigan, S., Racine, N., Vaillancourt, T., Korczak, D. J., Hewitt, J. M. A., Pador, P., Park, J. L., McArthur, B. A., Holy, C., & Neville, R. D. (2023) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0846 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Foam Rolling for Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Recovery of Dynamic Performance Measures
Pearcey, G. E. P., Bradbury-Squires, D. J., Kawamoto, J.-E., Drinkwater, E. J., Behm, D. G., & Button, D. C. (2014) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Swainson, M. G., Batterham, A. M., Tsakirides, C., Rutherford, Z. H., & Hind, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177175 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationBuchheit, M., Racinais, S., Bilsborough, J. C., Bourdon, P. C., Voss, S. C., Hocking, J., Cordy, J. T., Méndez-Villanueva, A., & Coutts, A. J. (2013) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.12.003 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Beyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature.
Page, P. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 343 · see citing works
The Role and Development of Sprinting Speed in Soccer
Haugen, T. A., Tønnessen, E., Hisdal, J., & Seiler, S. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0121 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Buchheit, M., Méndez-Villanueva, A., Delhomel, G., Brughelli, M., & Ahmaı̈di, S. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bf0223 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Effectiveness of an Individualized Training Based on Force-Velocity Profiling during Jumping
Jiménez‐Reyes, P., Samozino, P., Brughelli, M., & Morin, J.-B. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00677 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Heikura, I. A., Uusitalo, A. L. T., Stellingwerff, T., Bergland, D., Mero, A. A., & Burke, L. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0313 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention
Atkinson, G., & Batterham, A. M. (2015) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep085070 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationAge of Peak Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review
Allen, S. V., & Hopkins, W. G. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0354-3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationWen, D., Utesch, T., Wu, J., Robertson, S., Liu, J., Hu, G., & Chen, H. (2019) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Pérez‐Castilla, A., Piepoli, A., Delgado‐García, G., Garrido-Blanca, G., & García‐Ramos, A. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003118 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Buchheit, M., Allen, A., Poon, T. K., Modonutti, M., Gregson, W. A., & Salvo, V. D. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.942687 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Concussion Symptoms of High School Athletes
Frommer, L. J., Gurka, K. K., Cross, K. M., Ingersoll, C. D., Comstock, R. D., & SALIBA, S. A. (2011) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.76 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Bastida‐Castillo, A., Gómez‐Carmona, C. D., Sánchez, E. D. L. C., & Pino‐Ortega, J. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1427796 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Effects of Acute Alkalosis and Acidosis on Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Carr, A. J., Hopkins, W. G., & Gore, C. J. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11591440-000000000-00000 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationMadigan, S., Eirich, R., Pador, P., McArthur, B. A., & Neville, R. D. (2022) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4116 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Foam Rolling as a Recovery Tool after an Intense Bout of Physical Activity
MacDonald, G. Z., Button, D. C., Drinkwater, E. J., & Behm, D. G. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a123db · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill
Smith, M. R., Zeuwts, L., Lenoir, M., Hens, N., de Jong, L. M. S., & Coutts, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1156241 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Plews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function
Buchheit, M., Chivot, A., Parouty, J., Mercier, D., Haddad, H. A., Laursen, P. B., & Ahmaidi, S. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1317-x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Match statistics related to winning in the group stage of 2014 Brazil FIFA World Cup
Liu, H., Gómez, M., Lago‐Peñas, C., & Sampaio, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1022578 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Analysis of repeated high-intensity running performance in professional soccer
Carling, C., Gall, F. L., & Dupont, G. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.652655 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Monitoring Accelerations With GPS in Football: Time to Slow Down?
Buchheit, M., Haddad, H. A., Simpson, B. M., Palazzi, D., Bourdon, P. C., Salvo, V. D., & Méndez-Villanueva, A. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0187 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Haff, G. G., Ruben, R., Lider, J., Twine, C., & Cormie, P. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000705 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Does pre‐exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta‐analytical review
Simic, L., Šarabon, N., & Marković, G. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01444.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Beato, M., Coratella, G., Stiff, A., & Iacono, A. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01288 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Individual response to exercise training - a statistical perspective
Hecksteden, A., Kraushaar, J., Scharhag-Rosenberger, F., Theisen, D., Senn, S., & Meyer, T. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00714.2014 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Stojanović, E., Ristić, V., McMaster, D. T., & Milanović, Z. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0634-6 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Southward, K., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K. J., & Ali, A. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Comparison of the Capacity of Different Jump and Sprint Field Tests to Detect Neuromuscular Fatigue
Gathercole, R. J., Sporer, B. C., Stellingwerff, T., & Sleivert, G. G. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000912 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Psychological functioning of people living with chronic pain: a meta-analytic review
Burke, A. L. J., Mathias, J. L., & Denson, L. A. (2015) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12078 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Esco, M. R., & Flatt, A. A. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Méndez-Villanueva, A., Buchheit, M., Kuitunen, S., Douglas, A., Peltola, E. M., & Bourdon, P. C. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.536248 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Padulo, J., Oliva, F., Frizziero, A., & Maffulli, N. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11138/mltj/2013.3.4.250 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Hoppe, M., Baumgart, C., Polglaze, T., & Freiwald, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192708 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Barrett, S., Midgley, A. W., & Lovell, R. J. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0418 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Body Composition Tools for Assessment of Adult Malnutrition at the Bedside
Earthman, C. P. (2015) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607115595227 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Moran, R. W., Schneiders, A. G., Mason, J., & Sullivan, S. J. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096938 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Yoon, D. H., Lee, J.-Y., & Song, W. (2018) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1090-9 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
McGrath, L. J., Hopkins, W. G., & Hinckson, E. A. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0301-3 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationMills, K. A. G., Hunt, M. A., & Ferber, R. (2013) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22015 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Lora, M. D. H., Pozzo, M., Sañudo, B., Páez, L. C., Gonzalo‐Skok, Ó., Domínguez‐Cobo, S., & Morán-Camacho, E. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0547 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Positional demands of international rugby union: Evaluation of player actions and movements
Quarrie, K. L., Hopkins, W. G., Anthony, M. J., & Gill, N. D. (2012) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.005 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence of Parasympathetic Hyperactivity in Functionally Overreached Athletes
Meur, Y. L., Pichon, A., Schaal, K., Schmitt, L., Louis, J. B., Guénéron, J., Vidal, P. P., & Hausswirth, C. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182980125 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Global Changes in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Neville, R. D., Lakes, K. D., Hopkins, W. G., Tarantino, G., Draper, C. E., Beck, R., & Madigan, S. L. (2022) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2313 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationA Primer on the Use of Equivalence Testing for Evaluating Measurement Agreement
DIXON, P. M., SAINT-MAURICE, P. F., KIM, Y., HIBBING, P., BAI, Y., & WELK, G. J. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001481 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2022 Update
Harriss, D., Jones, C., & MacSween, A. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1957-2356 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Monitoring changes in physical performance with heart rate measures in young soccer players
Buchheit, M., Simpson, M. B., Haddad, H. A., Bourdon, P. C., & Méndez-Villanueva, A. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2014-0 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Antunes, R., Frontini, R., Amaro, N., Salvador, R., Matos, R. M. N., Morouço, P., & Rebelo‐Gonçalves, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124360 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The Reliability of Three Devices Used for Measuring Vertical Jump Height
Nuzzo, J. L., Anning, J. H., & Scharfenberg, J. M. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181fee650 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Effect of Movement Velocity during Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Performance
Pareja-Blanco, F., Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Sánchez-Medina, L., Gorostiaga, E., & González-Badillo, J. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363985 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Ramírez-Campillo, R., Castillo, A., de la Fuente, C. I., Campos-Jara, C., Andrade, D. C., Álvarez, C., Martínez, C., Castro-Sepúlveda, M., Pereira, A., Marques, M. C., et al. (2014) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.07.001 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Mechanical Determinants of Faster Change of Direction Speed Performance in Male Athletes
Dos’Santos, T., THOMAS, C. R., Jones, P. A., & Comfort, P. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001535 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Technical performance and match-to-match variation in elite football teams
Liu, H., Gómez, M., Gonçalves, B. V., & Sampaio, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1117121 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Gallardo, F., Henríquez‐Olguín, C., Meylan, C. M. P., Martínez‐Salazar, C., Álvarez, C., Vargas, A. C., Cadore, E. L., & Izquierdo, M. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000827 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Monitoring Fatigue and Recovery in Rugby League Players
Twist, C., & Highton, J. M. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.8.5.467 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Lovell, R. J., Towlson, C., Parkin, G., Portas, M., Vaeyens, R., & Cobley, S. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137238 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Match Play Intensity Distribution in Youth Soccer
Méndez-Villanueva, A., Buchheit, M., Simpson, B. M., & Bourdon, P. C. (2012) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1306323 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Bartlett, J. D., O’Connor, F. K., Pitchford, N. W., Torres-Ronda, L., & Robertson, S. J. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0791 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Lloyd, R. S., Radnor, J. M., De Ste Croix, M. B. A., Cronin, J. B., & Oliver, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001216 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Influence of In-Season Training Loads on Injury Risk in Professional Rugby Union
Cross, M., Williams, S., Trewartha, G., Kemp, S. P. T., & Stokes, K. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0187 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Montero, D., Cathomen, A., Jacobs, R. A., Flück, D., de Leur, J., Keiser, S., Bonne, T. C., Kirk, N., Lundby, A., & Lundby, C. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp270250 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Nana, A., Slater, G., Hopkins, W. G., & Burke, L. M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318228b60e · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationHeishman, A. D., Daub, B. D., Miller, R. M., Freitas, E. D. S., Frantz, B. A., & Bemben, M. G. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002812 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Murray, N. B., Gabbett, T. J., TOWNSHEND, A. D., & BLANCH, P. D. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097152 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Effects of Velocity Loss During Resistance Training on Performance in Professional Soccer Players
Pareja‐Blanco, F., Sánchez‐Medina, L., Suarez-Arrones, L. J., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0170 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Ramírez‐Campillo, R., García‐Hermoso, A., Moran, J., Chaabène, H., Negra, Y., & Scanlan, A. T. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.005 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Witchalls, J., Blanch, P., Waddington, G., & Adams, R. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090137 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Vertical Jump Performance in Italian Male and Female National Team Soccer Players
Castagna, C., & Castellini, E. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182610999 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Tous‐Fajardo, J., Gonzalo‐Skok, Ó., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., & Tesch, P. A. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0010 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Variability and Predictability of Finals Times of Elite Rowers
Smith, T. B., & Hopkins, W. G. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31821d3f8e · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity and reliability of an accelerometer-based player tracking device
Nicolella, D. P., Torres-Ronda, L., Saylor, K. J., & Schelling, X. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191823 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
- Authors
- HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Teesside University (GB)
- Research Institute for Olympic Sports (FI)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-12
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2020794622
- Cited by
- 9,128
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 571 · 2025: 765 · 2024: 856 · 2023: 735 · 2022: 882 · 2021: 901 · 2020: 887 · 2019: 750 · 2018: 767 · 2017: 588 · 2016: 360 · 2015: 284 · 2014: 305 · 2013: 175 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 57.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Teesside University Research Portal (Teesside University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- estimation precision, null hypothesis testing, sample size justification, nonparametric statistics, limits of agreement, qualitative research, research ethics approval, covariates, logarithmic transformation, outliers, measurement error, bias, reporting guidelines, sports medicine, kinesiology
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research Design, Sports Medicine, Exercise, Sample Size, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
