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The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation
Open accessAbstract
Approximately 2.5 × 10 6 square kilometers of the Amazon forest are currently degraded by fire, edge effects, timber extraction, and/or extreme drought, representing 38% of all remaining forests in the region. Carbon emissions from this degradation total up to 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year −1 ), which is equivalent to, if not greater than, the emissions from Amazon deforestation (0.06 to 0.21 Pg C year −1 ). Amazon forest degradation can reduce dry-season evapotranspiration by up to 34% and cause as much biodiversity loss as deforestation in human-modified landscapes, generating uneven socioeconomic burdens, mainly to forest dwellers. Projections indicate that degradation will remain a dominant source of carbon emissions independent of deforestation rates. Policies to tackle degradation should be integrated with efforts to curb deforestation and complemented with innovative measures addressing the disturbances that degrade the Amazon forest.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This Analytical Review synthesizes evidence that extreme droughts, edge effects, timber extraction, and fire degrade large areas of remaining Amazon forest, with carbon losses comparable to deforestation. It projects that degradation will remain a major carbon source by 2050 even if deforestation is halted, requiring policies that address degradation separately.
Key findings
- For 2001–2018, fire affected 122,624 km², timber extraction 119,700 km², edge effects 188,531 km², and drought 2,740,647 km²; combined fire, timber, and edge degradation affected at least 364,748 km² (5.5% of remaining Amazon forest), equal to 112% of the 325,975 km² deforested in the same period. Adding drought raised the total degraded area to 2,542,593 km², or 38% of remaining Amazon forests.
- Estimated carbon loss from disturbances ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 PgC yr⁻¹, comparable to deforestation emissions of 0.06 to 0.21 PgC yr⁻¹. Disturbances can cause as much biodiversity loss as deforestation, and forests degraded by fire and timber extraction had 2% to 34% less dry-season evapotranspiration.
- First-order 2050 projections gave annual carbon emissions of 0.06 PgC yr⁻¹ under a governance scenario and 0.42 PgC yr⁻¹ under business-as-usual; the degradation-to-deforestation carbon ratio remained high (GOV: 1.04; BAU: 0.74). Drought dominated BAU emissions (63%), while fire dominated GOV emissions (59%).
- Benefits and burdens are misaligned: material benefits often accrue to external or elite actors, while burdens concentrate locally; timber extraction in the Brazilian Amazon generated US$459.5 million in 2018 even omitting the clandestine market.
Methods
- Analytical review compiling published spatially explicit datasets for four disturbances over 2001–2018: burned area (MCD64A1, 500 m), timber extraction (LUH2, 27 km), edge effects (MapBiomas/Silva-Junior approach, 30–120 m), and drought (CRU 4.0, 0.5°). These layers were overlaid to estimate extent and overlaps.
- 2050 projections combined existing disturbance projections under “governance” (GOV) and “business-as-usual” (BAU) deforestation scenarios, using SimAmazonia 1, CMIP5 RCP4.5/RCP8.5, LUH2, a fire model, and deterministic carbon-loss factors.
- Carbon loss estimates used an aboveground biomass dataset for 2000 and disturbance-specific factors; the reference forest area was MapBiomas 2018 forest extent with 81.3% accuracy.
Limitations
- The paper states important uncertainties remain in quantifying the area affected by different disturbances, their longer-term impacts, and how severity is modified by co-occurrence, repeated events, or management changes. Timber extraction extent is highly uncertain, with approximately 50% or more of Amazon timber extraction estimated to be illegal and thus absent from census or the product used.
- The paper notes that projections probably underestimate future degradation because they omit feedbacks and interactions among disturbances; comparisons among studies are confounded by different spatial and temporal scales and disturbance types; not all extreme droughts in 2001–2018 were unequivocally attributed to human-induced climate change; and cumulative impacts of multiple droughts on aboveground carbon are unknown.
- Evident from the text: the review relies on existing datasets with differing resolutions and assumptions, such as assuming a systematic distribution of logged forests within 27-km grid cells, and it does not present new primary field data.
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Claims the paper makes
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In the paper
“First-order 2050 projections indicate the four main disturbances will remain a major threat and source of carbon fluxes to the atmosphere, independent of deforestation trajectories.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIn the paper
“Disturbances can bring about as much biodiversity loss as deforestation itself, while forests degraded by fire and timber extraction can have a 2% to 34% reduction in dry-season evapotranspiration.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
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In the paper
“The product used here (42) shows an annual rate of 6,623.5 km 2 y - 1 affected by timber extraction from 2001-2018 in the Brazilian Amazon.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
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In the paper
“Disturbances can bring about as much biodiversity loss as deforestation itself, while forests degraded by fire and timber extraction can have a 2% to 34% reduction in dry-season evapotranspiration.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
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In the paper
“In landscapes with c. 80% forest cover in the eastern Amazon, the combined influence of forest disturbances in remaining forest results in about as much biodiversity loss as the loss of habitat in the deforested areas (7).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Carbon losses in logged forests are also highly variable and range from 4% to 35% (Fig. 3), depending on extraction intensity and the management of collateral damage (28).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
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In the paper
“Biomass recovery times after logging are almost directly proportional to the volume of timber extracted, such that extraction of 10, 25 or 50% of prelogging aboveground carbon stocks would require 12, 43 or 75 years to recover (28).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
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In the paper
“This total degraded area includes 628,909 km 2 of forest where two or more of the four disturbances overlap (Table S1).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Table S1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This assessment indicates a broad range of estimates, varying from 5.5% (considering only fire, timber extraction and edge effects) to 38% (considering all four disturbances).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, 6% of the area affected by both edges and fire was also affected by drought.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
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In the paper
“Finally, extreme droughts bring about short-term carbon losses of 1% to 8% (23, 60) (Fig. 3).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accounting for the spatial extent of forests hit by fire, timber extraction and edge effects, and the overlaps between them, the degraded area due to these three drivers affected at least 364,748 km 2 (5.5% of all remaining Amazonian forests) from 2001 to 2018.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fire 122,624 4.8 1.8”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emissions in the GOV scenario are dominated by fire (59%), followed by droughts (38%) and logging (3%).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship among the area affected between 2001 and 2018 and disturbance severity (carbon loss).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: In the absence of information on the impacts of repeated drought, cumulative values from individual events were used, assuming that the minimum value could remain constant even with multiple droughts and the maximum value could double in the case of a total absence of post-drought recovery.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extreme drought 2,740,647 107.8 41.1”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this upper limit being considerably higher than the upper limit of 0.2 PgC yr -1 observed in the 2001-2018 period, owing to a stronger contribution of more frequent droughts in the future”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First-order 2050 projections of Amazon forest degradation through its main drivers.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Timber extraction reduces the availability of species that contribute to nutritional diversity or provide oils or medicines (90,91).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in the BAU scenario, under RCP8.5 climate, droughts become the dominant cause of carbon emissions associated with degradation (63%), followed by fire (30%) and logging (5%).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“but still lower than another projection restricted to the Brazilian Amazon (113).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [113]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Socioeconomic benefits and burdens of Amazon forest degradation and its drivers are unevenly distributed.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These projections show (Fig. 5) that halting deforestation, as pledged Amazonian nations in the Glasgow declaration and in their nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement, does not necessarily curb degradation across the Amazon.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Timber extraction 119,700 4.7 1.8”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Edge creation is strongly and positively correlated with deforestation at the basin level (9), although further deforestation could reduce the area of forests exposed to edges in regions with low levels of forest cover.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In the Amazon forest, the extent and long-term effects of such anthropogenic disturbances on the terrestrial carbon cycle, ecosystem functioning, and livelihoods of local populations are beginning to be understood and differentiated from deforestation impacts (6).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
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In the paper
“For instance, ongoing tree mortality after disturbance means that forests can continue to emit more carbon for decades after the disturbance (8,9), such that current estimates of the total carbon loss tied to degradation are comparable to, if not greater than, carbon loss from deforestation (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Deforestation leads to habitat fragmentation, including the edge, area and isolation effects that are known drivers of changes in ecological condition (12,26).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Defining degradation and disturbance
What the sources say
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In the paper
“For example, agricultural expansion into forested lands increases the exposure of the remaining forests to edge effects, timber extraction, and the agricultural ignition sources that start many forest fires (32).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Underlying drivers of disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Most analyses of land-use/land-cover change in the Amazon forest have focused on the causes and effects of deforestation.However, anthropogenic disturbances cause degradation of the remaining Amazon forest and threaten their future.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Extreme droughts have become increasingly frequent in the Amazon as land use change and human-induced climate change progress (22), affecting tree mortality, fire incidence and carbon emissions to the atmosphere (23)(24)(25).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Defining degradation and disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For instance, ongoing tree mortality after disturbance means that forests can continue to emit more carbon for decades after the disturbance (8,9), such that current estimates of the total carbon loss tied to degradation are comparable to, if not greater than, carbon loss from deforestation (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
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In the paper
“The only existing pan-Amazonian direct estimate using a Landsat time series (11) indicates an area of 1,036,800 ± 24,800 km 2 impacted by human and natural disturbances between 1995 and 2017 (47,127 ± 1,127 km 2 year -1 ), corresponding to 17% of the total forest area in 2017.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Moreover, the reduced provision of ecosystem services resulting from such anthropogenic disturbances appear to disproportionately impact local livelihoods (17)(18)(19).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Disturbance type and intensity are strong predictors of the magnitude of change in above-ground carbon stocks (i.e., severity; Box 1).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
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In the paper
“Reductions in forest biomass and changes in species composition also affect water cycling (65).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Other climate processes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Many of the disturbances driving degradation deliver material benefits (i.e., money and goods) to privileged elites living outside of forest landscapes (81,82).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81]
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In the paper
“Carbon losses are often greatest in burned forests, compared to the other disturbances (54).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, at present there is insufficient information on disturbance recurrence and recovery to make a reliable estimate of their combined influence on the Amazon's carbon balance.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Such a large range of estimates of the extent of degradation is largely determined by the types of disturbances considered (with much larger area estimates if less-severe disturbances, like droughts, are included; Fig. 2), the spatial and temporal ranges of the studies, and their distinct methods (16,(38)(39)(40)53).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
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- Not matchedcites [38]
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In the paper
“These actors are impacted by the outcomes of disturbances (e.g., smoke from fires), and the resulting degraded forest states, in distinct [i.e., material, subjective (quality of life) and relational impacts] and unevenly distributed ways across multiple spatial scales (Fig. 4).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Social and economic dimensions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 4
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimating overlap between timber extraction and other drivers is not trivial because the data used for timber extraction provides a percentage cover by area within the 27-km resolution grid-cell, rather than a precise delimitation of the area affected by these events.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our overview of the extent (Fig. 2), severity (Fig. 3) and longevity of these four disturbances demonstrates they are likely to be a substantial source of long-term carbon emissions from Amazonian forests.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Its prevalence and persistence (Fig. 2) are largely explained by the (short-term) economic benefits associated with the underlying drivers of the four disturbances (Fig. 4A).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Social and economic dimensions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 4A
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In the paper
“A broad range of human actors generate these disturbances, from local forest communities that use fire for subsistence agriculture, regional commercial businesses extracting timber, to distant city-dwellers consuming commodities originating in forest landscapes, and investment banks contributing to geopolitical and market forces (80).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Social and economic dimensions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
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In the paper
“Whether initiated by chainsaws, fire or drought, people drive forest degradation (21).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Social and economic dimensions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“To some extent, these findings are to be expected, given that halting deforestation leaves a larger forest area that is subject to fires, logging, or droughts (116).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [116]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“considering the integrity of the basin depends on it maintaining sufficient forest cover (120).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [120]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Further, some of the disturbances that cause degradation (e.g., burning, presence of logging operations) themselves reduce the quality-of-life of local peoples, for example by increasing the exposure of forest peoples to infection (e.g.COVID-19) (96).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“The reference forested area for the 2001-2018 period is the forest extent from Mapbiomas collection 2 in 2018 with 81.3% accuracy (130)”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [130]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Degradation can also heighten perceptions of vulnerability and risk due to place dislocation, transformation, and threat of potential resettlement (101).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [101]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high relative contribution of drought demonstrates that the mitigation of Amazon forest degradation also depends on concerted international (i.e., extra-Amazonian) efforts to abate global climate change.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The feedbacks between Amazon forest degradation and regional climate change are particularly relevant for determining the likelihood of an Amazon tipping point (119)(120).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [119]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [120]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Notably, benefits of local drivers are retained locally (e.g.supporting household incomes) or regionally (e.g.food security) (87) (Fig. 4A).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Most studies assessing future scenarios for the Amazon focus on deforestation and its relationship with prospective road development, agricultural expansion, and conservation policies (3, 106-109).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [106]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [107]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“climate change can boost fire intensity and ignition sources promoting fire-driven degradation (112)”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Other benefits accruing locally include income from hired labor in logging camps (88).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, people living large distances from forests may be affected by disturbance-induced changes in the carbon and water cycle (35).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“only a small minority of REDD+ projects are targeted at preventing degradation (118)”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [118]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Forest degradation creates burdens to multi-dimensional human well-being which are predominantly concentrated on local communities (Fig. 4B).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 4B
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these projections demonstrate the potential importance of future degradation, they have probably been underestimated as they do not include feedbacks and interactions between disturbances”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“they remain unquantified for displaceable disturbances such as timber extraction.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [124]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“The most severe material impacts are borne by small-scale farmers, indigenous people and traditional communities who rely on a diverse set of forest resources to underpin resilient livelihoods and cultural practices (91).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“the identification of key actors and drivers in REDD+ projects is confusing, even when those address the well-known process of deforestation (123).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [123]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Modeling approaches include mechanistic (112), statistical (111, 113) and hybrid (45, 110) methods.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [113]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are aligned with observational data regarding the hierarchy of each disturbance in terms of carbon loss and affected area (Fig. 3; Table S2).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Two further studies modelled degradation in a non-spatially explicit way using fixed degradation-to-deforestation ratios (114) or statistical relationships of carbon loss caused by logging and fire (115).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [114]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [115]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“feedbacks between different drivers are key for Amazon forest degradation (110)”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Fires can influence the sustainability of water availability in distant (e.g., Andean) cities, with the deposition of black carbon accelerating glacial melt (69).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“The Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) framework is the only existing international policy mechanism that aims to address tropical forest degradation (6).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The loss of forest resources following degradation can negatively influence relational dimensions of people's lives, including social-cultural reproduction, cohesion and cultural practices.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Amazon forest degradation also burdens regional and international actors, though often in more indirect and diffuse ways.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Although less well understood than material impacts, burdens related to forest degradation also affect the relational and subjective dimensions of people's lives, which make important contributions to human well-being (95).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [95]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, degradation from timber extraction, extreme droughts and edge effects alter the forest microclimate, making future fires more likely (29).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“We did not provide information on the frequency of timber extraction, given that the LUH2 (the only Amazon-wide dataset) does not supply recurrence data.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the policy perspective, the distinct nature of proximate drivers, the range of stakeholders that benefit from them, and the challenges in monitoring disturbances, all make curbing forest degradation considerably more complex than reducing deforestation.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 81
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adding data on extreme droughts increases the estimate of total degraded area to 2.5 x10 6 km 2 , or 38% of the remaining Amazonian forests.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the two highest spatial resolution datasets (burned and edge areas) we found that 25% of the total burned forest area was within 120 m of an edge, affecting 17% of the total edge area.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Analysis of existing data on the extent of fire, edge effects and timber extraction between 2001 and 2018 reveals that 0.36 x10 6 km 2 (5.5%) of the Amazon forest is under some form of degradation, which corresponds to 112% of the total area deforested in that period.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Estimated carbon loss from these forest disturbances ranges from 0.05 to 0.20 PgC yr -1 and is comparable to carbon loss from deforestation (0.06-0.21PgC yr -1 ).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Forest fires intensify during drought years (10,23,24,45,46) leading to acute peaks in burned area: 14,584 km 2 and 32,815 km 2 in the dry years of 2005 and 2010, respectively.This is two to four times the mean total forest area burned in all other years in the 2001-2018 period (7,701 km 2 ).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Longer-term assessments of drought impacts show mixed results, with plot-based studies reporting both rapid recovery (62) and sustained effects lasting at least three years (23).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The impacts of forest disturbance extend to aquatic biota, and even reduced-impact logging affects the composition and functional traits of stream fishes (72).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Recurrent fires can lead to losses of over 80% of aboveground carbon (17) (Fig. 3), which is important as almost one third of the burned area has been burned either twice (18%) or three or more times (13%) (Fig. 2).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For instance, even omitting the sizable clandestine market (34,48), timber extraction in the Brazilian Amazon generated US$459.5 million in 2018 (86), which was not well-distributed (4).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, the magnitude of change for ET seems to be far less than that for carbon stocks (35, 67), with recovery occurring within seven years of repeated forest fires (67).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Other climate processes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The post-disturbance recovery of forest fauna can be slow, and understory forestspecialist birds do not recover their original abundances even 10 years after a single fire event (75).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Carbon losses from edge effects are most pronounced after the first four years (9,26).As 66% of current edges are older than this (6), most will have incurred these losses.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That said, when considering all the four main drivers, and all possible overlaps between them, the estimate of total degraded area increases to 2,542,593 km 2 , or 38% of the remaining Amazonian forests.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Amazonian fires also reduce air quality many thousands of kilometers from the source (68), while soot deposits are accelerating glacier melt in the Andes (69).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Other climate processes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Disturbance also disrupts multi-trophic processes such as pollination, decomposition, seed dispersal and herbivory (73), and drives sub-lethal changes in the morphology or physiology of birds (74) and dung beetles (70).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“When forests are burned, the recovery of carbon stocks from tree recruitment and growth is offset by high rates of ongoing tree mortality (23,57,61), such that burned forest can be a net source of carbon emissions for up to 7 years after the fire, and hold c. 25% less carbon after 30 years (46,56,61).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This corresponds to 112% of the total area deforested during this same period (325,975 km 2 ) (15, 49, 50), and is within the same magnitude of a previous estimate of degradation in the Brazilian Amazon of 337,427 km 2 in the 1992-2014 period (12).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Fires, timber extraction and edge effects reduce the number of forest species (7, 70) and species with the highest conservation values (7).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some of these taxa are resilient to low-intensity disturbance (78) and contribute to forest regeneration where hunting is controlled and there is connectivity with undisturbed forests (79).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Forest edges generate 5% less evapotranspiration (ET) than forest interiors (66), and degraded forests provide between 2% to 34% less ET than intact forests in normal dry seasons, with stronger reductions in southern drier sites (35).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Other climate processes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Recovery can be further impeded where forests have been affected by previous disturbances (73), or where succession is dominated by lianas, palms, bamboos or invasive grasses (46,76).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative impact of multiple droughts on aboveground carbon is not known but could be important given that over onethird of the drought-affected area was affected by two (26%) or more (10%) events in an 18year period (Fig. 2).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Within the forests themselves, tree mortality from forest fires, timber extraction and edge effects increase temperatures and lower the humidity of the understory (26,29,35,51).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Other climate processes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Even when these factors are controlled, the impacts vary substantially: carbon losses within 120 m of an edge range from 23% to 35% in the first four years after the edge formation (6, 26), with the severity potentially related to exposure to fire (9) (Fig. 3).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Sixty-nine percent of the burned area shown in Fig. 2 has been affected by a single understory forest fire, reducing aboveground carbon stocks by 13% to 50% (17, 55, 56) (Fig. 3).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, the impacts of timber extraction are far greater in forests that have suffered multiple extraction events (54), and edge effects are greater when forests are exposed to multiple edges (63).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Studies that have attempted this using remote sensing, or mixing field assessments with estimates of extent, estimate annual emissions of between 0.05 and 0.2 PgC yr -1 for a different combination of disturbances (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), which are comparable to deforestation emission estimates of 0.06 to 0.21 PgC yr -1 (50, 64).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Finally, fauna can support post-disturbance forest recovery, with birds, terrestrial ungulates and primates all helping disperse seeds (77).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In fragmented landscapes, patch area is an important determinant of species persistence; conserving the full suite of forest birds requires maintaining large patches (e.g., >10,000 ha) of good-condition forest (71).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Co-occurring disturbances can also amplify effects, with windstorms resulting in much higher biomass losses in thrice-burned forest (31%) than in unburned forests (15%) (30).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Forest degradation can impact fish abundance in streams, rivers and floodplains, with implications for the nutritional diversity and food security of local communities (72).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current (2001-2018) spatial distribution of the four main drivers of forest degradation in the Amazon forest, excluding deforestation and savanna areas.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Projected 2050 annual carbon emissions are 0.06 PgC yr -1 in the GOV scenario and 0.42 PgC yr -1 in the BAU scenario”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Degraded forest (discounting overlap) due to all 4 disturbances 2,406,609 51.2 2.09 2,369,497 72.8 12.89”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reductions in diversity of host species undermines the 'dilution effect' (where low-quality host abundance buffers parasite dispersal), increasing vector-borne diseases (e.g., Chagas disease) (92).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The dense understory of fire-affected forests makes hunting harder (mobility in Fig. 4B) and reduce availability of preferred game species (93).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Degraded forest (discounting overlap) due to all 4 disturbances 2,406,609 51.2 2.09 2,369,497 72.8 12.89”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some of the material changes extend beyond local communities, as reductions in forest resources can affect peri-urban households that maintain strong links with forests (89), compounding existing vulnerabilities associated with structural marginalization (94).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The underlying drivers of disturbance generate mainly material benefits, while (B) the resulting forest degradation generates burdens that are unevenly distributed among stakeholders and across scales.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deforestation in the 2019-2050 period 154,781 -2.01 1,391,816 -17.52”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total remaining Amazon forest area in 2050 4,696,681 100.0 -3,256,392 100.0 -”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Degraded forest area (discounting overlap) due to all 4 disturbances 2,542,593 100.0 38.1”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edge effects 188,531 7.4 2.8”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the degradation-todeforestation ratio for carbon emissions remains high both in a scenario where illegal deforestation is stopped after 2030 (GOV: 1.04) and in the BAU scenario, which extrapolates the land-use dynamics of the early 2000s (BAU: 0.74).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deforestation in the 2019-2050 period 154,781 -2.01 1,391,816 -17.52”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, these economic benefits tend to be short term (4), poorly negotiated, disproportionately small, and do not compensate for the local damages that forest degradation inflicts (89,90).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“At the landscape scale, deforestation or degradation-related disturbances cause warming and alter precipitation, potentially increasing drought (8,35).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Underlying drivers of disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These disturbances often co-occur and repeat multiple times, and greatly increase the impact on forest condition and biodiversity (7).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A recent study of the Amazon showed that only 14% of degraded forests were later deforested over a period of 22 years (11), suggesting that these are partially independent processes.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“At the global scale, carbon dioxide emissions from forest disturbance are major contributors to climate change, driving extreme droughts that cause or amplify degradation (24,36).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Underlying drivers of disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Forest fires include all fires in standing forests (29); these cause degradation as Amazonian species have little or no evolutionary adaptations to fire.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Defining degradation and disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The first Brazilian Amazon-wide study estimated a rate of 11,537 km 2 y -1 between 1999 and 2002 (27), which coincides with a period of high deforestation rates in the region.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the four disturbances we focus on can all be studied across the Amazon using available satellite data and image processing methods, and have the best quantified links with forest structure and carbon stocks.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Defining degradation and disturbance
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some timber extraction occurs in remote regions, far from the deforestation frontier; fires can extend deep into forested areas in drought years (25); and droughts are widespread across the basin (22,33).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Underlying drivers of disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Timber extraction, for instance, is driven by market demand, but is facilitated by corruption and weak governance (34); forest fires are often caused by agricultural practices but can be exacerbated by extreme droughts (23).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Underlying drivers of disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Estimates suggest that approximately 50% (or even more) of the timber extraction in the Amazon is illegal (48), meaning that this does not appear in either the national census or in the product used here.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Timber extraction, for instance, is driven by market demand, but is facilitated by corruption and weak governance (34); forest fires are often caused by agricultural practices but can be exacerbated by extreme droughts (23).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Underlying drivers of disturbance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The underlying drivers of disturbances (e.g.agricultural expansion or demand for timber) generate material benefits for a restricted group of regional and global actors, while the burdens permeate across a broad range of scales and social groups ranging from nearby forest-dwellers to urban residents of Andean countries.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Extended summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For example, a small fraction of (large-scale) landholders account for most forest loss (83), contributing to degradation via edge-creation through deforestation, escaped pasture renewal fires (32), reduced regional rainfall (8), and ultimately contributing to global climate change itself via carbon emissions (84).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Smaller effects have been recorded in drier Amazonian regions (45) where trees are protected by thicker bark (58) and in less-seasonal regions where fire intensity may be limited by high fuel moisture content (55).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Edge effects may also vary over much larger spatial scales and could be less severe in forests on the richer soils of western Amazonia (59).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Forest loss is strongly associated with commodity production with material benefits accruing to wealthy regional and international actors (85).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Tree mortality following understory fires varies spatially: the highest levels of tree mortality and the greatest biomass losses have been recorded in the Brazilian state of Pará (29, 57).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“All recent studies, however, consistently agree that the extent of degraded forest is growing, and the total area is either equal to or greater than the Amazon's deforested area (10)(11)(12).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Yet comparisons remain confounded by the different spatial and temporal scales of assessments and the different types of disturbance that are being assessedstudies inferring degradation from canopy openness are likely to miss some of the degradation resulting from edges or low-intensity logging, while airborne air sampling is unable to accurately separate emissions from deforestation and degr”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Crucially, the flow of benefits (which are related to proximate drivers of forest degradation) and burdens (which are related to degradation outcomes) are misaligned.Benefits often accrue to external stakeholders while burdens are concentrated locally, creating socioecological injustices (Fig. 4B).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Social and economic dimensions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 4B
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Not all the extreme droughts observed in the Amazon in the analyzed 2001-2018 period have been unequivocally attributed to human-induced climate change (22).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Spatial extent and severity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The severity of edge effects varies in relation to the distance to the forest edge, with severity decreasing from the edge to the interior, and over time, with most losses occurring within 5years of edge formation.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Changes in carbon stocks and basin-wide emissions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Forest degradation precludes discovery of new pharmaceutical, nutritional and biobased products and can precipitate the emergence of pandemics with global consequences for health, economies and well-being (103, 104).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [103]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [104]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Further, the relationship between ecosystem degradation and regional public health has the potential to be important (105).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [105]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Fire also causes material damage to the timber sector affecting commercially unexplored forests (17, 102), and other losses to potential revenue and to the region's economy (e.g., through airport closures) (97).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [102]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [97]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Estimates suggest that the loss of ecosystem services due to extreme climate change in the Amazon may induce regional economy losses of US$ 7.7 trillion in a period of 30 years (18), and this excludes the significant intangible relational and quality-of-life impacts.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Studies assessing the proximate causes (Fig. 2) focused on fire occurrence driven by deforestation and climate change (45, 110), fire intensity driven by climate change (112), edge effects due to forest fragmentation (111), or mixed causes (113).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CRU temperature and precipitation datasets have correlations of 0.38 and 0.56, respectively with their cross-validation data.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At local scales, small-holder farmers contribute to forest degradation, either directly through small-scale timber extraction or hunting, or indirectly via agricultural fires that may escape into forests.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Material benefits of degradation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“roads promote degradation as well as deforestation (52)”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, forest degradation can erode communal sites, impair place attachments, impact interactions with the forest and ways of knowing and of using its resources.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 2019-2050 estimated timber extraction percentage that fell within protected areas was not taken into account.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although our understanding of degradation has improved markedly, important uncertainties remain regarding the quantification of the area affected by the different disturbances, their longer-term impacts, and how disturbance severity is modified by cooccurrence, repeated events or changes in management practices”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“carbon dioxide emissions from degradation can overwhelm those from deforestation (45, 111), and the carbon uptake from regeneration (114).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [114]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“deforestation is itself a major driver of greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss and a driver of several forms of degradation”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Degradation and the future of the forest
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [120]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These impacts extend to regions surrounding the Amazon, with implications for material gains and revenue within the agriculture sector (84).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Diffuse and indirect burdens accrue to external actors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Only five studies have projected future Amazon forest degradation in a spatially-explicit way, either covering the entire Amazon biome (110) or focusing on the Colombian (111), Brazilian (112, 113) or southern Brazilian Amazon (45).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [113]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Public-health burdens accrue from the smoke associated with fires and include premature deaths and school closures (68,97,98), potentially reducing the learning lifetime of local children (public education in Fig. 4B).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [97]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“degradation can occur independently from deforestation [e.g., control of deforestation can reduce fire activity, but only under weak to moderate climate change scenarios (110)]”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Projecting Amazon forest degradation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of the burned area product (MCD64A1) has been assessed previously in other studies, and local validations in the Amazon showed a suitable performance for this product.”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Additional information
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Incidence of violence rises when land conflicts associated with forest degradation occur (99), and within temporary settlements created for logging operations (100).”
§ The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation > Multi-dimensional burdens exacerbate the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [99]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [100]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The authors state this as an assumption.
For purposes of accounting for overlaps between timber extraction and other disturbances, logged forests are systematically distributed within the 27-km resolution grid-cell used for timber extraction.
“Here, we assumed a systematic distribution of logged forests within the gridcell to account for the timber extraction overlaps with other drivers, as logged forests can be more flammable than undisturbed forests (51), and the extraction of timber is often associated with edges (52).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the absence of information on the impacts of repeated drought, cumulative values from individual events were used, assuming that the minimum value could remain constant even with multiple droughts and the maximum value could double in the case of a total absence of post-drought recovery.
“in the absence of information on the impacts of repeated drought, we simply used cumulative values from individual events, assuming that, due to forest recovery, the minimum value could remain constant even in the event of multiple droughts, while the maximum value could double in the case of a total absence of post-drought recovery.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For instance, roads carving through the forest are well-known sources of illegal activities, such as logging and burning, which increase forest flammability38,39.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Road networks (Fig. 1d) facilitate illegal activities, promoting more deforestation, logging and fire spread throughout the core of the Amazon forest38,39.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among the remaining old-growth forests, at least 38% have been degraded by land use disturbances and repeated extreme droughts39, with impacts on moisture recycling that are still uncertain.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within the remaining Amazon forest area, 17% has been degraded by human disturbances38, such as logging, edge effects and understory fires, but if we consider also the impacts from repeated extreme drought events in the past decades, 38% of the Amazon could be degraded39.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“An additional 38% of the forest biome has been damaged by extreme droughts, fires, logging and edge effects38,39.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For instance, logging and edge effects can make a forest patch more flammable39, but these disturbances are often not captured by ESMs.”
From Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Citations
Cites
Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P., & Lister, D. (2020) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0453-3 · Cited by 4,906
Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation
GEIST, H. J., & LAMBIN, E. F. (2002) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0143:pcaudf]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 3,123
Global land change from 1982 to 2016
Song, X.-P., Hansen, M. C., Stehman, S. V., Potapov, P. V., Tyukavina, A., Vermote, E. F., & Townshend, J. R. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9 · Cited by 1,946
Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest
Phillips, O. L., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Lewis, S. L., Fisher, J. B., Lloyd, J., López‐González, G., Malhi, Y. S., Monteagudo, A. L., Peacock, J., Quesada, C. A., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1164033 · Cited by 1,854
Self-citationJúnior, C. M. D. S., Shimbo, J. Z., Rosa, M. R., Parente, L., Alencar, A. A. C., Rudorff, B. F. T., Hasenack, H., Matsumoto, M. H., Ferreira, L. G., Filho, P. W. M. E. S., et al. (2020) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs12172735 · Cited by 1,732
Self-citationThe Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product
Giglio, L., Boschetti, L., Roy, D. P., Humber, M. L., & Justice, C. O. (2018) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.005 · Cited by 1,401
Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin
Soares-Filho, B. S., Nepstad, D. C., Curran, L. M., Cerqueira, G. C., Garcia, R. A., Ramos, C. A., Voll, E., Pittman, A. M., Lefebvre, P., & Schlesinger, P. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04389 · Cited by 1,266
Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation
Barlow, J., Lennox, G. D., Ferreira, J., Berenguer, É., Lees, A. C., Nally, R. M., Thomson, J. R., Ferraz, S. F. D. B., Louzada, J., Oliveira, V. H. F., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18326 · Cited by 1,218
Self-citationSlowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains
Nepstad, D., McGrath, D., Stickler, C., Alencar, A., Azevedo, A., Swette, B., Bezerra, T., DiGiano, M., Shimada, J., Seroa da Motta, R., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1248525 · Cited by 1,202
Self-citationLewis, S. L., Brando, P. M., Phillips, O. L., van der Heijden, G. M. F., & Nepstad, D. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1200807 · Cited by 1,111
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- J. A. Parrotta S. Mansourian C. Wildburger T. Gardner V. Kapos W. A. Kurz C. L. McDermott B. B. N. Strassburg I. D. Thompson B. Vira “Conclusions” in Understanding relationships between biodiversity carbon forests and people: The key to achieving REDD+ objectives J. A. Parrotta C. Wildburger S. Mansourian Eds. (IUFRO Vienna 2012) pp. 139–146.
- FAO “Terms and definitions” in Global Forest Resources Assessment FAO Ed. (FAO Rome 2020) pp. 1–26.
- M. Lentini R. Palmieri L. Sobral “Atividade florestal madeireira no norte do Pará: do projeto Jari ao combate à ilegalidade e ao advento das concessões florestais” in Florestas de Valor. Desenvolvimento territorial e sustentabilidade: a experiência do IMAFLORA no Norte do Pará R. Palmieri Ed. (IMAFLORA Belém 2020) pp. 64–93.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Quéré, C. L., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A. S., et al. (2025) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-17-965-2025 · Cited by 1,046
Self-citationCritical transitions in the Amazon forest system
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Human degradation of tropical moist forests is greater than previously estimated
Bourgoin, C., Ceccherini, G., Girardello, M., Vancutsem, C., Avitabile, V., Beck, P. S. A., Beuchle, R., Blanc, L., Duveiller, G., Migliavacca, M., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07629-0 · Cited by 158
Metadata
- Authors
- Lapola, D. M., Pinho, P., Barlow, J., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Berenguer, E., Carmenta, R., Liddy, H. M., Seixas, H., Silva, C. V. J., Silva-Junior, C. H. L., Alencar, A. A. C., Anderson, L. O., Armenteras, D., Brovkin, V., Calders, K., Chambers, J., Chini, L., Costa, M. H., Faria, B. L., Fearnside, P. M., Ferreira, J., Gatti, L., Gutierrez-Velez, V. H., Han, Z., Hibbard, K., Koven, C., Lawrence, P., Pongratz, J., Portela, B. T. T., Rounsevell, M., Ruane, A. C., Schaldach, R., da Silva, S. S., von Randow, C., & Walker, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (BR)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies (US)
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (BR)
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia (CO)
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (DE)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BR)
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais (BR)
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (BR)
- Embrapa (BR)
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (BR)
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- University of Kassel (DE)
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
- Woodwell Climate Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lapola, David M.
- ORCID
- Lapola, David M.
- Pinho, Patricia
- Barlow, Jos
- Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.
- Berenguer, Erika
- Carmenta, Rachel
- Liddy, Hannah M.
- Seixas, Hugo
- Silva, Camila V. J.
- Silva-Junior, Celso H. L.
- Alencar, Ane A. C.
- Anderson, Liana O.
- Armenteras, Dolors
- Brovkin, Victor
- Calders, Kim
- Chambers, Jeffrey
- Chini, Louise
- Costa, Marcos H.
- Faria, Bruno L.
- Fearnside, Philip M.
- Ferreira, Joice
- Gatti, Luciana
- Gutierrez-Velez, Victor Hugo
- Han, Zhangang
- Koven, Charles
- Lawrence, Peter
- Pongratz, Julia
- Portela, Bruno T. T.
- Rounsevell, Mark
- Ruane, Alex C.
- Schaldach, Rüdiger
- da Silva, Sonaira S.
- von Randow, Celso
- Walker, Wayne S.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2023-01-27
- Volume
- 379
- Issue
- 6630
- Pages
- eabp8622-eabp8622
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W4318141566
- Cited by
- 630
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 169 · 2025: 214 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 87
- FWCI
- 15.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Biblioteca Digital da Memória Científica do INPE (National Institute for Space Research) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC18K0339)
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (409531/2021-9, 16/02018-2, 20/16457-3, 15/02537-7, 314416/2020-0, 2015/, 2020/08916, 314473/2020-3, 2020/15230 – 5, 2020/, 312450/2021-4, 20/15230-5, 20/08916-8)
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (314473/2020-3, 2020/15230-5, 2020-3, 409531/2021-9, 2020/16457-3, 2018-5, 2016/02018-2, 314416/2020-0, 2020/08916-8, 2020/08916)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (441573/2020-7, 314780/2020-3, 314416/2020‐0, 2020/08916-8, 2016/02018-2, 2020/08916, 441949/2018-5, 2020/15230-5, 312450/2021-4, 441949/2018, 314473/2020‐3, 309074/2021‐5, 409531/2021-9, 2020/16457-3)
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (2020/15230-5, 312450/2021-4, 2020/08916, 314473/2020-3, 2020/08916-8)
- Agência Espacial Brasileira (314416/2020-0)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/S01084X/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Forest ecology and management
- Keywords
- forest fires, edge effects, logging, drought, CO2 emissions, evapotranspiration, biodiversity loss, forest dwellers, deforestation, climate policy
- MeSH terms
- Brazil, Carbon, Conservation of Natural Resources, Biodiversity, Carbon Cycle, Rainforest
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-03, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-03 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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