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Metschnikowia Strains Isolated from Botrytized Grapes Antagonize Fungal and Bacterial Growth by Iron Depletion
Open accessAbstract
Noble-rotted grapes are colonized by complex microbial populations. I isolated pigment-producing Metschnikowia strains from noble-rotted grapes that had antagonistic activity against filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. A red-maroon pigment was formed from a diffusible colorless precursor released by the cells into the medium. The conversion of the precursor required iron and could occur both in the cells (red colonies) and in the medium (red halos around colonies). The intensity of pigmentation was correlated with the intensity of the antimicrobial activity. Mutants that did not form pigment also lacked antifungal activity. Within the pigmented halos, conidia of the sensitive fungi did not germinate, and their hyphae did not grow and frequently lysed at the tips. Supplementation of the medium with iron reduced the size of the halos and the inhibition zones, while it increased the pigment accumulation by the colonies. The iron-binding agent tropolone had a similar effect, so I hypothesize that pigmented Metschnikowia isolates inhibit the growth of the sensitive microorganisms by pigment formation, which depletes the free iron in the medium. As the pigment is a large nondiffusible complex produced in the presence of both low and high concentrations of ferric ions, the proposed mechanism is different from the mechanisms operating in microbes that release siderophores into the environment for iron acquisition.
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“Pulcherrimin, an iron-binding pigment produced by M. pulcherrima, is believed to mediate this antagonistic activity against other fungi [71–74].”
From Competition assays and physiological experiments of soil and phyllosphere yeasts identify Candida subhashii as a novel antagonist of filamentous fungi (2017) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“Pigmentless M. pulcherrima mutants were shown to exhibit reduced antifungal activity and iron deprivation of the fungal pathogen was suggested as one of several mechanisms by which this yeast antagonises plant pathogenic fungi (Gore-Lloyd et al. 2019; Sipiczki 2006).”
From Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications (2019) · cites this paper as Sipiczki 2006
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sipiczki, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Sipiczki, Matthias
- ORCID
- Sipiczki, Matthias
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 6716-6724
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- PMC
- PMC1610289
- OpenAlex
- W2168624838
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nemzeti Kutatási és Technológiai Hivatal
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Metabolism and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Keywords
- Metschnikowia, Botrytis, microbial antagonism, iron depletion, pigment production, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, conidial germination inhibition, tropolone, yeast isolates
- MeSH terms
- Iron Deficiencies, Antibiosis, Bacteria, Saccharomycetales, Molecular Sequence Data, Siderophores, Ecosystem, Botrytis, Vitis
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