Glucose triggers ATP secretion from bacteria in a growth-phase-dependent manner
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ATP modulates immune cell functions, and ATP derived from gut commensal bacteria promotes the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the intestinal lamina propria. We recently reported that Enterococcus gallinarum, isolated from mice and humans, secretes ATP. We have since found and characterized several ATP-secreting bacteria. Of the tested enterococci, Enterococcus mundtii secreted the greatest amount of ATP (>2 μM/10(8) cells) after overnight culture. Glucose, not amino acids and vitamins, was essential for ATP secretion from E. mundtii. Analyses of energy-deprived cells demonstrated that glycolysis is the most important pathway for bacterial ATP secretion. Furthermore, exponential-phase E. mundtii and Enterococcus faecalis cells secrete ATP more efficiently than stationary-phase cells. Other bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, also secrete ATP in exponential but not stationary phase. These results suggest that various gut bacteria, including commensals and pathogens, might secrete ATP at any growth phase and modulate immune cell function.
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Some but not all intestinal bacteria actively secrete ATP, and germ-free mice have lower gut ATP concentrations than controls.
“some, but not all, intestinal bacteria actively secrete ATP, and germ-free mice have lower ATP concentrations in their gut than controls (Atarashi et al., 2008; Hironaka et al., 2013; Iwase et al., 2010).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Hironaka et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Hironaka, I., Iwase, T., Sugimoto, S., Okuda, K.-I., Tajima, A., Yanaga, K., & Mizunoe, Y.
- Affiliations
- Jikei University School of Medicine (JP)
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2328-2335
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- PMC
- PMC3623225
- OpenAlex
- W2017432031
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 5.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24780079, 23590521)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- ATP release, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus faecalis, glucose, glycolysis, bacterial growth phase, exponential growth phase, stationary phase, gut commensal bacteria, immune cell modulation, Th17 cell differentiation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Animals, Bacteria, Glucose, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice
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