The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands
Open accessAbstract
Since virus concentrations in drinking waters are generally below the detection limit, the infectious risk from drinking water consumption requires assessment from the virus concentrations in source waters and removal efficiency of treatment processes. In this study, we estimated from reverse transcription-PCR on 10-fold serially diluted RNA that noroviruses, the most prevalent waterborne gastroenteritis agents, were present at 4 (0.2 to 38) to 4,900 (303 to 4.6 × 10 4 ) PCR-detectable units (PDU) per liter of river water (ranges are given in parentheses). These virus concentrations are still high compared with 896 to 7,499 PDU/liter of treated sewage and 5,111 to 850,000 PDU/liter in raw sewage. Sequencing analyses designated human norovirus GGII.4 Lordsdale as the most prevalent strain in the sampling period 1998 to 1999 in both sewage and surface waters. Other GGII strains were also very abundant, indicating that the majority of the virus contamination was derived from urban sewage, although very divergent strains and one animal strain were also detected in the surface and sewage waters. Rotaviruses were also detected in two large rivers (the Maas and the Waal) at 57 to 5,386 PDU/liter. The high virus concentrations determined by PCR may in part be explained by the detection of virus RNA instead of infectious particles. Indeed, reoviruses and enteroviruses that can be cultured were present at much lower levels, of 0.3 to 1 and 2 to 10 PFU/liter, respectively. Assuming 1% of the noroviruses and rotaviruses to be infectious, a much higher disease burden than for other viruses can be expected, not only because of the higher levels but also because of these viruses' higher infectivity and attack rates.
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Cites
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STAT1-Dependent Innate Immunity to a Norwalk-Like Virus
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Laboratory efforts to cultivate noroviruses
Duizer, E., Schwab, K. J., Neill, F. H., Atmar, R. L., Koopmans, M. P. G., & Estes, M. K. (2004) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.19478-0 · Cited by 597
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Cited by
Haramoto, E., Kitajima, M., Hata, A., Torrey, J. R., Masago, Y., Sano, D., & Katayama, H. (2018) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004 · Cited by 432
Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments
Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Cook, N., Ruggeri, F. M., Sellwood, J., Nasser, A., Nascimento, M. S. J., D'Agostino, M., Santos, R., Saiz, J. C., Rzeżutka, A., et al. (2012) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x · Cited by 316
Self-citationHuman pathogens and their indicators in biosolids: A literature review
SIDHU, J., & TOZE, S. (2009) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.006 · Cited by 273
Microbial quality assessment of household greywater
O’Toole, J., Sinclair, M., Malawaraarachchi, M., Hamilton, A., Barker, S. F., & Leder, K. (2012) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.001 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Lodder, W. J., & de Roda Husman, A. M.
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1453-1461
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- OpenAlex
- W2157694673
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 32
- FWCI
- 25.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1128/aem.71.3.1453-1461.2005
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- Lodder, W. J., & de Roda Husman, A. M. (2005). Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.3.1453-1461.2005
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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