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Intracellular Growth of Legionella pneumophila in Dictyostelium discoideum, a System for Genetic Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions
Open accessAbstract
Conditions were established in which Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen, could replicate within the unicellular organism Dictyostelium discoideum. By several criteria,L. pneumophila grew by the same mechanism within D. discoideum as it does in amoebae and macrophages. Bacteria grew within membrane-bound vesicles associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum, and L. pneumophila dot/icm mutants, blocked for growth in macrophages and amoebae, also did not grow in D. discoideum. Internalized L. pneumophila avoided degradation by D. discoideum and showed evidence of reduced fusion with endocytic compartments. The ability of L. pneumophila to grow within D. discoideum depended on the growth state of the cells.D. discoideum grown as adherent monolayers was susceptible to L. pneumophila infection and to contact-dependent cytotoxicity during high-multiplicity infections, whereas D. discoideum grown in suspension was relatively resistant to cytotoxicity and did not support intracellular growth. Some known D. discoideum mutants were examined for their effect on growth of L. pneumophila. The coronin mutant and the myoA/B double myosin I mutant were more permissive than wild-type strains for intracellular growth. Growth of L. pneumophila in a G β mutant was slightly reduced compared to the parent strain. This work demonstrates the usefulness of the L. pneumophila-D. discoideum system for genetic analysis of host-pathogen interactions.
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“Several bacterial pathogens for humans, such as legionella, mycobacteria and salmonella, are pathogenic also for Dictyostelium, favouring the use of this model to study host-pathogen interactions [9-19].”
From Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in Dictyostelium (2008) · cites this paper as [10]
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BackgroundStable isotope probing identifies anthracene degraders under methanogenic conditions
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“Two members of genus Legionella have been linked to be opportunistic pathogen or pathogen, respectively (Jjemba et al. 2010; Solomon et al. 2000 ).”
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InfluentialFrancione, L. M., Smith, P. K., Accari, S. L., Taylor, P. E., Bokko, P. B., Bozzaro, S., Beech, P. L., & Fisher, P. R. (2009) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.003319 · Cited by 50
“Legionella proliferation in macrophages and in D. discoideum relies on the pathogen avoiding the endolysosomal pathway, which it does by inhibiting fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes (Roy et al., 1998; Wiater et al., 1994; Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialAlbers, U., Reus, K., Shuman, H. A., & Hilbi, H. (2005) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.27563-0 · Cited by 50
“pneumophila Icm/Dot transporter, a type IV secretion apparatus related to conjugation systems (Hagele et al., 2000; Otto et al., 2004; Segal et al., 1998; Segal & Shuman, 1999b; Solomon et al., 2000; Vogel et al., 1998).”
Polyphosphate is an extracellular signal that can facilitate bacterial survival in eukaryotic cells
Rijal, R., Cadena, L. A., Smith, M., Carr, J. F., & Gomer, R. H. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2012009117 · Cited by 44
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“This rate of intracellular replication is comparable to those observed in other host amebas, such as A. castellanii (32), Dictyostelium discoideum (20), and Hartmannella vermiformis (27).”
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“The HL5 medium was replaced with MB medium (42), and the RPMI 1640 medium was exchanged with fresh medium.”
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“Amoebae are most commonly observed as hosts of Legionella, but ciliates and the slime mold Dictyostelium are implicated as well (Barker & Brown 1994; Fields 1996; Hagele et al. 2000; Solomon et al. 2000).”
Gal‐Mor, O., Zusman, T., & Segal, G. (2002) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.184.14.3823-3833.2002 · Cited by 47
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“discoideum was quantified by determining colony forming units (CFU) in the supernatant as described [72, 109].”
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“discoideum has a haploid genome (24) that is amenable to a diverse array of genetic manipulations (4, 17, 60), facilitating the identification of host susceptibility determinants (5, 26, 39, 58, 59) and investigation of transcriptional response to bacterial presence (27).”
BackgroundCross-Species Infections and Their Analysis
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSurrogate hosts: protozoa and invertebrates as models for studying pathogen-host interactions
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“…they are amenable to molecular genetics, and this has favoured the use of this model to study host–pathogen interactions (Hägele et al., 2000; Solomon et al., 2000; Pukatzki et al., 2002; Skriwan et al., 2002; Fajardo et al., 2004; Benghezal et al., 2006; Peracino et al., 2006; Weber et…”
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“polyphaga were performed as described previously (Solomon et al., 2000; Price et al., 2009, 2010b).”
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Pathogens in Environmental Biofilms
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Dictyostelium discoideum : A Model System for Cell and Developmental Biology
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“Intriguingly, transmission electron microscopy showed that the infection of Dictyostelium with L.pneumophila was identical to how it occurred in macrophages (Otto et al., 2003; Solomon & Isberg, 2000; Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundActive and adaptive Legionella CRISPR‐Cas reveals a recurrent challenge to the pathogen
Rao, C., Guyard, C., Pelaz, C., Wasserscheid, J., Bondy‐Denomy, J., Dewar, K., & Ensminger, A. W. (2016) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.12586 · Cited by 31
Jesús-Díaz, D. A. D., Murphy, C. S., Sol, A., Dorer, M. S., & Isberg, R. R. (2017) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02345-16 · Cited by 31
“without causing a developmental switch that leads to sporulation (52).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIsolation of Legionella‐Containing Vacuoles by Immuno‐Magnetic Separation
Urwyler, S., Finsel, I., Ragaz, C., & Hilbi, H. (2010) · Current Protocols in Cell Biology · doi:10.1002/0471143030.cb0334s46 · Cited by 29
“L. pneumophila is such an amoebae-resistant bacterium, and D. discoideum has been established as a valuable model system to analyze the virulence of this pathogen on a cellular and molecular level (Hägele et al., 2000; Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundA Coronin7 Homolog with Functions in Actin-driven Processes
Shina, M. C., Ünal, C., Eichinger, L., Müller‐Taubenberger, A., Schleicher, M., Steinert, M., & Noegel, A. A. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.083725 · Cited by 28
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Non-vertebrate hosts in the analysis of host–pathogen interactions
Dorer, M. S., & Isberg, R. R. (2006) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.020 · Cited by 26
Self-citationSdhA blocks disruption of the Legionella-containing vacuole by hijacking the OCRL phosphatase
Choi, W. Y., Kim, S., Auraß, P., Huo, W., Creasey, E. A., Edwards, M., Lowe, M., & Isberg, R. R. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109894 · Cited by 24
“…integrity after L. pneumophila challenge of D. discoideum— Dictyostelium discoideum strains were grown in 100 mm dishes containing HL5 medium (Solomon et al., 2000), washed, harvested, pelleted for 5 min at 500 × g by centrifugation and resuspended in low fluorescence axenic medium (LoFlo;…”
Self-citationThe promise of a protist: the Dictyostelium genome project
Kuspa, A., Sucgang, R., & Shaulsky, G. (2001) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s101420000033 · Cited by 23
“Recently, Legionella pneumophilawas found to propagate within Dictyostelium cells in the same manner as observed in human macrophages (Hagele et al. 2000; Solomon et al. 2000 ).”
BackgroundRedundant and unique roles of coronin proteins in Dictyostelium
Shina, M. C., Müller‐Taubenberger, A., Ünal, C., Schleicher, M., Steinert, M., Eichinger, L., Müller, R., Blau‐Wasser, R., Glöckner, G., & Noegel, A. A. (2010) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0455-y · Cited by 22
“pneumophila infection as corA cells were reported to be more permissive for intracellular growth than wild-type cells [21] and loss of CRN7 allowed a better uptake of the bacteria.”
Ünal, C., Schwedhelm, K. F., Thiele, A., Weiwad, M., Schweimer, K., Frese, F., Fischer, G. S., Hacker, J. H., Faber, C., & Steinert, M. (2011) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01641.x · Cited by 22
“On the other hand, legionellae are characterized by the close association with host protozoa (McDade et al., 1977; Fields, 1996; Hagele et al., 2000; Solomon et al., 2000; Fields et al., 2002) and the possibility that simple metazoans may also belong to the diverse host spectrum seems to be likely.”
BackgroundDictyostelium discoideum transformation by oscillating electric field electroporation
Alibaud, L., Cosson, P., & Benghezal, M. (2003) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/03351st03 · Cited by 22
Endocytosis and the Actin Cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium discoideum
Rivero, F. (2008) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s1937-6448(08)00633-3 · Cited by 21
“Perhaps all these defects explain why the MyoA/B double mutant is more permissive for intracellular growth of L. pneumophila (Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundNisar, M. A., Ross, K., Brown, M. H., Bentham, R., Best, G., Xi, J., Hinds, J., & Whiley, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1190631 · Cited by 19
Ciliates Expel Environmental Legionella-Laden Pellets To Stockpile Food
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“pneumophila intracellular multiplication also has been shown to be dependent on the dot/icm genes, which encode a type IV translocation apparatus that delivers effector proteins required for phagocytosis, invasion, and initiation of bacterial growth inside amoebae or macrophages (11, 19, 22, 35).”
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“Given that the T6SS2 is present in all sequenced strains of V. vulnificus to date, we assessed the potential role of this T6SS in virulence in a D. discoideum eukaryotic model at 21 C (Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundType I-F CRISPR-Cas Distribution and Array Dynamics in Legionella pneumophila
Deecker, S. R., & Ensminger, A. W. (2020) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.119.400813 · Cited by 18
“…arrays can be part of two different systems, as demonstrated by our data, but could also occur in a system where two (or more) different arrays share a set of cas genes (Swarts et al. 2012; Datsenko et al. 2012; Staals et al. 2013; 2014; Majumdar et al. 2015; Elmore et al. 2015; Silas et al. 2017).”
Dictyostelium discoideum as a Model to Study Host–Pathogen Interactions
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Molecular motors and membrane traffic in Dictyostelium
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“Dictyostelium has also been used to study the interactions between the intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila and its host [21-27] When L.”
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“…demonstrate that T4SS – bacteria are gradually eliminated when cultured with either human or murine macrophages or unicellular amoebae, whereas the wild-type strain grows several orders of magnitude — consistent with the idea of obligate intracellular lifestyle during infection 27,29,31 – 34 .”
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“Amoebae predators or hosts for bacteria but special bacteria kill the amoebae FLA are eukaryotic cells found in nature [5] and including several genera such as Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Naegleria[6] Sappinia [47] and Dictyostelium [48].”
BackgroundHarrison, C. F., Chiriano, G., Finsel, I., Manske, C., Hoffmann, C., Steiner, B., Kranjc, A., Patthey-Vuadens, O., Kicka, S., Trofimov, V., et al. (2015) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00002 · Cited by 15
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“For both M. marinum as well as Legionella pneumonia, deletion of coronin A renders Dictyostelium more permissive for intracellular bacterial growth (Solomon et al., 2000, 2003).”
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“9), distributed to 60-mm culture dishes, and incubated at 26uC overnight to allow the cells to attach and adjust to the new media [21].”
BackgroundFunctional Genomics of the Social Amoebae, Dictyostelium discoideum
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“These favorable features enhance the use of this organism for conventional assays ( Solomon et al., 2000 ).”
BackgroundModulation of host ATP levels by secreted bacterial effectors
He, C., Li, C., Liu, Y., Chen, T.-T., Li, C., Chu, X., Liu, S., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Ouyang, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60046-3 · Cited by 12
“D. discoideum was grown as described earlier 78 .”
Assessing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Using a Nonmammalian Host: Dictyostelium discoideum
Filion, G., & Charette, S. J. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0473-0_51 · Cited by 10
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“Dictyostelium discoideum was grown and maintained at 21°C in HL-5 medium supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin (100 U/ml; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) as previously described (51).”
MethodWatanabe, K., Suzuki, H., Nishida, T., Mishima, M., Tachibana, M., Fujishima, M., Shimizu, T., & Watarai, M. (2018) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiy162 · Cited by 11
Dictyostelium discoideum: un modèle pour l’étude de la virulence bactérienne
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“…replication or survival of bacteria in mammalian macrophages ( Andrews, Vogel & Isberg, 1998 ; Hägele et al., 2000 ; Solomon, Leung & Isberg, 2003 ; Solomon et al., 2000 ; Steinert & Heuner, 2005 ); and in some cases in causing disease in animals ( Alibaud et al., 2008 ; Cosson et al., 2002 ;…”
Dictyostelium Host Response to Legionella Infection: Strategies and Assays
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“It has also emerged as a macrophage model organism to decipher the infection fate of phagocytosed or intraphagosomal pathogens (Hagedorn and Soldati, 2007; Lampe et al., 2016; Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundA Laminar-Flow Chamber Assay for Measuring Bacterial Adhesion Under Shear Stress
Soyer, M., & Duménil, G. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-346-2_12 · Cited by 7
Expanding Francisella models: Pairing up the soil amoeba Dictyostelium with aquatic Francisella
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Advances in the Assembly Model of Bacterial Type IVB Secretion Systems
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“I-subtype IncI1 plasmid R64 Aid in both in liquid and solid-surfacemating and secrete virulence effectors.”
BackgroundInfluentialDictyostelium Host Response to Legionella Infection: Strategies and Assays
Bozzaro, S., Buracco, S., Peracino, B., & Eichinger, L. (2019) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9048-1_23 · Cited by 6
25 Alternative models in microbial pathogens
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Molecular evolution and adaptations of Legionella pneumophila from amoebae hosts to macrophages
Shin, C. J., & Kwaik, Y. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1787137 · Cited by 4
“…et al., 1989, Fields et al., 1984; Hagele et al., 2000; Newsome et al., 1985; Rowbotham, 1980, Rowbotham, 1986; Smith-Somerville et al., 1991; Solomon et al., 2000; Tyndall and Domingue, 1982; Kikuhara et al., 1994; Tyson et al., 2014; Rasch et al., 2016; Scheikl et al., 2016; Price et al.,…”
Recent advances in understanding human opportunistic fungal pathogenesis mechanisms
Cramer, R. A., & Perfect, J. R. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5680-5.00002-5 · Cited by 4
AttenuatedLegionella pneumophilaSurvives for a Long Period in an Environmental Water Site
Nishida, T., Nakagawa, N., Watanabe, K., Shimizu, T., & Watarai, M. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/8601346 · Cited by 4
Life Cycle, Growth Cycles and Developmental Cycle of Legionella pneumophila
Garduño, R. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70896-6_4 · Cited by 4
“The same morphological and biochemical intracellular events described in Hartmanella and Acanthamoebae also happen in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (Hagele 2000, Solomon et al. 2000 ).”
BackgroundBarman, T. K., Arora, P., Rao, M., Bhadauriya, T., & Upadhyay, D. J. (2008) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10156-008-0586-3 · Cited by 4
Interaction of Legionella pneumophila with Dictyostelium discoideum
Steinert, M., Hägele, S., Skriwan, C., Grimm, D. G., Fajardo, M., Heuner, K., Schleicher, M., Hentschel, U., Ludwig, W., Marre, R., et al. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817985.ch28 · Cited by 4
Jaiswal, P., & Kimmel, A. R. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14070522 · Cited by 3
Schmid, C., & Hilbi, H. (2025) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.70035 · Cited by 3
Interaction of Legionella pneumophila with Amoeba
Molmeret, M., Šantić, M., & Kwaik, Y. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70896-6_11 · Cited by 3
“As said above, the intracellular fate of L. pneumophila is very similar in infected D. discoideum to that in macrophages, including the recruitment of RER, evasion of lysosomal fusion ( Solomon et al., 2000 ), and dependence of intracellular growth on dot/icm gene functions (Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialKim, M., Moon, E., Jo, H.-J., Quan, F., & Kong, H.-H. (2023) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-023-05824-y · Cited by 3
Baïlo, N., Cosson, P., Charette, S. J., Paquet, V. E., Doublet, P., & Letourneur, F. (2014) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.154559 · Cited by 3
“Finally, the L. pneumophila infection mechanisms in D. discoideum and human macrophages are highly comparable (Hägele et al., 2000; Solomon et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialResearch advances of Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease
Zhan, X.-Y., Hu, C., & Zhu, Q. (2010) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-010-0036-3 · Cited by 3
“The growth of Legionella in the absence of protozoa has been documented only on laboratory media such as BCYE [24,25].”
BackgroundInteraction between waterborne pathogenic bacteria and Acanthamoeba catellanii
Abd, H. (2005) · Figshare · Cited by 3
Weber, S. S., Ragaz, C., Reus, K., & Hilbi, H. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815660.ch71 · Cited by 3
Regulation of host immunity by a novel Legionella pneumophila E3 ubiquitin ligase
Liu, S., He, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Chen, T.-T., Li, C., Chen, D., Ouyang, S., Song, L., Fu, J., et al. (2025) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013522 · Cited by 2
“E coli strains, L. pneumophila strains [59,60] and D. discoideum strain [58] used in this study were cultured as described in [26,52].”
Isolation of Pathogen-Containing Vacuoles
Shevchuk, O., & Steinert, M. (2013) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-302-2_23 · Cited by 2
Immunofluorescence Imaging of Legionella Infection In Vitro
Weber, S. S., & Oxenius, A. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-161-5_16 · Cited by 2
AMOEBAE IN MOISTURE-DAMAGED BUILDINGS
Yli‐Pirilä, T. (2009) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) · Cited by 2
Dictyostelium discoideum: a Model Phagocyte and a Model for Host-Pathogen Interactions
Li, Z., & Isberg, R. R. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555816650.ch32 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLegionellosis, a Disease Transmitted by Technical Vectors
Steinert, M., Heuner, K., & Hacker, J. H. (2001) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000060397 · Cited by 1
Ensminger, A. W., Campodonico, E. M., & Roy, C. R. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17871-38 · Cited by 1
Use of Simple Nonvertebrate Hosts To Model Mammalian Pathogenesis
Sifri, C. D., & Ausubel, F. M. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817633.ch23 · Cited by 1
Borges, A. L. B. (2008) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.46.2008.tde-27112008-092658 · Cited by 1
Ratna, S., Pradhan, L., Vasconcelos, M. P., Acharya, A., Carnahan, B. R., Wang, A., Ghosh, A., Bolt, A., Ellis, J. J., Hyland, S. N., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644609 · Cited by 1
A Eukaryotic Neighbor:Dictyostelium discoideum
Brazill, D. T., & Gomer, R. H. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815677.ch25 · Cited by 1
Evolution ofLegionella pneumophilaIcm/Dot Pathogenesis System
Segal, G. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815639.ch38
Molecular ecology and cell biology ofLegionella pneumophila
Molmeret, M., Bitar, D. M., & Kwaik, Y. A. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546273.007
Dey, R., Cavalié, L., Vernet, C., Bodennec, J., & Pernin, P. (2008)
Cellular Model Systems Used to Study Phagosome Biogenesis
Steinert, M. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527629176.ch4
Winckler, T., Zündorf, I., & Dingermann, T. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527620982.ch28
Henriques‐Normark, B., & Buchrieser, C. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527629664.ch6
Albers, U., Reus, K., & Hilbi, H. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815660.ch51
Metadata
- Authors
- Solomon, J. M., Rupper, A., Cardelli, J. A., & Isberg, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Venue
- Infection and Immunity
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2939-2947
- ISSN
- 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5522
- PMC
- PMC97507
- OpenAlex
- W2104752214
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- University of Connecticut
- Johns Hopkins University
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-39232)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Legionella and Acanthamoeba research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Legionella pneumophila, Dictyostelium discoideum, intracellular bacterial growth, host-pathogen interaction, Dot/Icm system, rough endoplasmic reticulum, membrane vesicles, endocytic compartments, G protein beta subunit
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Culture Media, Dictyostelium, Genes, Bacterial, Intracellular Fluid, Intracellular Membranes, Lysosomes, Membrane Proteins, Legionella pneumophila
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