Genes Required for Glycolipid Synthesis and Lipoteichoic Acid Anchoring in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is composed of a linear 1,3-linked polyglycerolphosphate chain and is tethered to the bacterial membrane by a glycolipid (diglucosyl-diacylglycerol [Glc 2 -DAG]). Glc 2 -DAG is synthesized in the bacterial cytoplasm by YpfP, a processive enzyme that transfers glucose to diacylglycerol (DAG), using UDP-glucose as its substrate. Here we present evidence that the S. aureus α-phosphoglucomutase (PgcA) and UTP:α-glucose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GtaB) homologs are required for the synthesis of Glc 2 -DAG. LtaA ( l ipo t eichoic a cid protein A ), a predicted membrane permease whose structural gene is located in an operon with ypfP , is not involved in Glc 2 -DAG synthesis but is required for synthesis of glycolipid-anchored LTA. Our data suggest a model in which LtaA facilitates the transport of Glc 2 -DAG from the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, delivering Glc 2 -DAG as a substrate for LTA synthesis, thereby generating glycolipid-anchored LTA. Glycolipid anchoring of LTA appears to play an important role during infection, as S. aureus variants lacking ltaA display defects in the pathogenesis of animal infections.