Major Facilitator Superfamily

Pao, Stephanie S.; Paulsen, Ian T.; Saier, Milton H.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.62.1.1-34.1998

Cited by 2,297Drug Transport and Resistance MechanismsBacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Major Facilitator Superfamily

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Pao, Stephanie S., Paulsen, Ian T., Saier, Milton H.·1998·Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

DOI 10.1128/mmbr.62.1.1-34.1998PMC PMC98904

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Abstract

SUMMARY: The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is one of the two largest families of membrane transporters found on Earth. It is present ubiquitously in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya and includes members that can function by solute uniport, solute/cation symport, solute/cation antiport and/or solute/solute antiport with inwardly and/or outwardly directed polarity. All homologous MFS protein sequences in the public databases as of January 1997 were identified on the basis of sequence similarity and shown to be homologous. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the occurrence of 17 distinct families within the MFS, each of which generally transports a single class of compounds. Compounds transported by MFS permeases include simple sugars, oligosaccharides, inositols, drugs, amino acids, nucleosides, organophosphate esters, Krebs cycle metabolites, and a large variety of organic and inorganic anions and cations. Protein members of some MFS families are found exclusively in bacteria or in eukaryotes, but others are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. All permeases of the MFS possess either 12 or 14 putative or established transmembrane α-helical spanners, and evidence is presented substantiating the proposal that an internal tandem gene duplication event gave rise to a primordial MFS protein prior to divergence of the family members. All 17 families are shown to exhibit the common feature of a well-conserved motif present between transmembrane spanners 2 and 3. The analyses reported serve to characterize one of the largest and most diverse families of transport proteins found in living organisms.

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Triazole resistance occurs as a result of the upregulation of multidrug efflux transporters of two gene families, the ABC transporters and the major facilitator gene superfamily (MFS).
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Untitled work
Goffeau (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199701)13:1

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Authors: Pao, S. S., Paulsen, I. T., & Saier, M. H.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
ORCID: Paulsen, Ian T.
Saier, Milton H.
Venue: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 1998-03
Volume: 62
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-34
ISSN: 1092-2172 (ISSN-L)
1098-5557
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.62.1.1-34.1998
PMC: PMC98904
OpenAlex: W2130381741
Cited by: 2,297
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 136
FWCI: 7.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01ai014176-23)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (2RO1GM55434, R01GM055434)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2-RO1-AI14176)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Keywords: major facilitator superfamily, membrane transporters, solute transport, symport, antiport, phylogenetic analysis, protein families, tandem gene duplication, conserved motifs, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Carrier Proteins, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Membrane Transport Proteins

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