Cited by 536Bacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyEscherichia coli research studiesIron Metabolism and Disorders

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Operator sequences of the aerobactin operon of plasmid ColV-K30 binding the ferric uptake regulation (fur) repressor

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de Lorenzo, V, Wee, S, Herrero, M, Neilands, J B·1987·Journal of Bacteriology

DOI 10.1128/jb.169.6.2624-2630.1987PMC PMC212138

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Abstract

The promoter region of the pColV-K30-encoded operon specifying biosynthesis and transport of the siderophore aerobactin was subjected to deletion analysis to determine the smallest DNA sequence affording iron regulation of a iucA'-'lacZ gene fusion. A 78-base-pair (bp) region containing the main (P1) promoter retained the character of inducibility under iron starvation. A 250-bp fragment carrying this sequence was examined for protection against DNase I by the Fur protein, the product of a gene (fur) required for negative control of several iron-regulated functions. The DNase I footprints, in the presence of various divalent heavy-metal ions added as corepressors, revealed two contiguous binding sites with different lengths and affinities for Fur. Increased concentrations of the protein appeared to elicit formation of repressor oligomers which bind to the upstream and downstream regions of the P1 promoter in a metal-dependent fashion, but with a presently undefined stoichiometry. The primary site for Fur binding spans 31 bp and contains two overlapping symmetry dyads which share the sequence 5'-TCATT-3'. It also contains extensive homology with a 19-bp consensus sequence for iron-regulated genes as deduced from comparison with the fhuA and fepA putative promoter sequences.

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Background
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“[46].”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“DNA–protein interactions were probed with DNase I as described by de Lorenzo et al. (1988a). To this end, the 250 bp EcoRI–BamHI DNA fragment from plasmid pCON6 (de Lorenzo et al.”
Method
Iron uptake and metabolism in the rhizobia/legume symbioses
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A Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Homolog Is Essential for Photorhabdus luminescens To Support Growth and Reproduction of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
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Roles of the EnvZ/OmpR Two-Component System and Porins in Iron Acquisition in Escherichia coli
Gerken, H. G., Vuong, P., Soparkar, K., & Misra, R. (2020) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01192-20 · Cited by 73
The Bordetella bhu Locus Is Required for Heme Iron Utilization
Vanderpool, C. K., & Armstrong, S. K. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.14.4278-4287.2001 · Cited by 73
“coli consensus Fur-binding DNA sequence (19, 24).”
Iron regulates transcription of the Escherichia coli ferric citrate transport genes directly and through the transcription initiation proteins
Angerer, A., & Braun, V. (1998) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s002030050600 · Cited by 72
Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the gene encoding FrpB, a major iron-regulated, outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Beucher, M., & Sparling, P. F. (1995) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.177.8.2041-2049.1995 · Cited by 72
Fur regulation in Yersinia species
Staggs, T. M., & Perry, R. D. (1992) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01427.x · Cited by 72
Expression, isolation and properties of Fur (ferric uptake regulation) protein ofEscherichia coli K 12
Wee, S., Neilands, J. B., Bittner, M. L., Hemming, B. C., Haymore, B. L., & Seetharam, R. (1988) · BioMetals · doi:10.1007/bf01128019 · Cited by 72
Self-citation
Iron Transport and Metabolism in Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella
Mey, A. R., Gómez-Garzón, C., & Payne, S. M. (2021) · EcoSal Plus · doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0034-2020 · Cited by 70
“There are multiple, sometimes overlapping, binding sites for Fur upstream of some Fur-regulated genes, including ftnA (13) and the aerobactin operon (14).”
Background
Regulation of the Vibrio vulnificus hupA Gene by Temperature Alteration and Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein and Evaluation of Its Role in Virulence
Oh, M. H., Lee, S. M., Lee, D. H., & Choi, S. H. (2009) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01006-08 · Cited by 69
“The assigned sequence for the Fur binding, GATAATG ATAATCATTATC, scored a 79% homology to the consensus Fur binding sequence (6).”
Background
Deletion of a fur -Like Gene Affects Iron Homeostasis and Magnetosome Formation in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Uebe, R., Voigt, B., Schweder, T., Albrecht, D., Katzmann, E., Lang, C., Böttger, L. H., Matzanke, B. F., & Schüler, D. (2010) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00319-10 · Cited by 69
Cloning and sequencing of the Legionella pneumophila fur gene
Hickey, E. K., & Cianciotto, N. P. (1994) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90615-7 · Cited by 72
The primary structure of the operons coding for Shigella dysenteriae toxin and temperate phage H30 shiga-like toxin
Kozlov, Y. V., Kabishev, A. A., Luk'ianov, E. V., & Bayev, A. A. (1988) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(88)90398-8 · Cited by 71
Analysis of diphtheria toxin repressor‐operator interactions and characterization of a mutant repressor with decreased binding activity for divalent metals
Schmitt, M. P., & Holmes, R. K. (1993) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01679.x · Cited by 71
Promoter and operator determinants for fur-mediated iron regulation in the bidirectional fepA-fes control region of the Escherichia coli enterobactin gene system
Hunt, M. D., Pettis, G. S., & McIntosh, M. A. (1994) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.176.13.3944-3955.1994 · Cited by 72
“A reasonable location might be the adjacent region within the fes-entF promoter that resembles the consensus iron box sequence (18) and appears to be the key element in iron regulation of the fes transcript as well.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Identification and cloning of a fur homologue from Neisseria meningitidis
Thomas, C. E., & Sparlling, P. F. (1994) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00350.x · Cited by 71
Mapping the regulon of Vibrio cholerae ferric uptake regulator expands its known network of gene regulation
Davies, B. W., Bogard, R. W., & Mekalanos, J. J. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1107894108 · Cited by 69
Rhizobacterial salicylate production provokes headaches!
Bakker, P. A. H. M., Ran, L., & Mercado‐Blanco, J. (2014) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-014-2102-0 · Cited by 73
“…aeruginosa PAO1 (Serino et al. 1995, 1997), is positively controlled by the PchR protein in the presence of pyochelin (Reimmann et al. 1998) and negatively by the Fur (Ferric Uptake Regulation) repressor (Bagg and Neilands 1987; de Lorenzo et al. 1987) in the presence of iron (Serino et al. 1997).”
Background
Proteus mirabilis amino acid deaminase: cloning, nucleotide sequence, and characterization of aad
Massad, G., Zhao, H., & Mobley, H. L. T. (1995) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.177.20.5878-5883.1995 · Cited by 70
Abolition of Biofilm Formation in Urinary Tract Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Isolates by Metal Interference through Competition for Fur
Hancock, V., Dahl, M., & Klemm, P. (2010) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00241-10 · Cited by 72
“Fur also binds and shows activation by other divalent metal ions, such as Co(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) (2, 9).”
Background
Impact of Anaerobiosis on Expression of the Iron-Responsive Fur and RyhB Regulons
Beauchene, N. A., Myers, K. S., Chung, D., Park, D. M., Weisnicht, A. M., Keleş, S., & Kiley, P. J. (2015) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01947-15 · Cited by 69
Autoregulation of Helicobacter pylori Fur revealed by functional analysis of the iron‐binding site
Delany, I., Spohn, G., Pacheco, A. B. F., Ieva, R., Alaimo, C., Rappuoli, R., & Scarlato, V. (2002) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03227.x · Cited by 73
The catecholate siderophores of Azotobacter vinelandii: their affinity for iron and role in oxygen stress management
Cornish, A. S., & Page, W. J. (1998) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-144-7-1747 · Cited by 69
Mycobacterium tuberculosis FurA Autoregulates Its Own Expression
Sala, C., Forti, F., Florio, E. D., Canneva, F., Milano, A., Riccardi, G., & Ghisotti, D. (2003) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.185.18.5357-5362.2003 · Cited by 69
“Under iron-replete conditions, the Fur protein, using Fe(2) as a corepressor, binds to a 19-bp operator sequence located upstream of the Fur-regulated genes (2, 10, 11, 13).”
Background
Analysis of the complexity of gene regulation by fur in Vibrio cholerae
Litwin, C. M., & Calderwood, S. B. (1994) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.176.1.240-248.1994 · Cited by 69
“dinate regulation of genes by iron depends on the protein Fur (ferric iron uptake regulator), which binds to an operator site, or Fur box, in the promoters of iron-regulated genes and represses gene transcription in the presence of sufficient iron (1, 8, 11, 12, 20, 36).”
Background
Siderophore production in groundnut rhizosphere isolate, Achromobacter sp. RZS2 influenced by physicochemical factors and metal ions
Sayyed, R. Z., Seifi, S., Patel, P. R., Shaikh, S. S., Jadhav, H. P., & Enshasy, H. A. E. (2019) · Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s42398-019-00070-4 · Cited by 68
Aminochelin, a Catecholamine Siderophore Produced by Azotobacter vinelandii
Page, W. J., & von Tigerstrom, M. (1988) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-134-2-453 · Cited by 69
Ferric reductase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii and its inhibition by Zn2+
Huyer, M., & Page, W. J. (1989) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.171.7.4031-4037.1989 · Cited by 68
“Inasmuch as Fe2 , in a free, intracellular pool, has been proposed to be the major controlling factor for iron uptake (10, 39), lower levels of this ion resulting from the presence of Zn2+ could explain the observed increase in siderophore synthesis in A.”
Background
Kinetics of toxA and regA mRNA accumulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Frank, D. W., & Iglewski, B. H. (1988) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.170.10.4477-4483.1988 · Cited by 67
“The determination of which promoter is used can depend on a variety of environmental stimuli, including heat shock (10), ppGpp (18), UV light (31), cyclic AMP-CRP (1), nitrogen limitation (30), and iron limitation (7, 13).”
Background
Fur-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of FeSOD expression in Escherichia coli
Dubrac, S., & Touati, D. (2002) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-148-1-147 · Cited by 66
Characterization of the Shewanella oneidensis Fur gene: roles in iron and acid tolerance response
Yang, Y., Harris, D. P., Luo, F., Wu, L., Parsons, A. B., Palumbo, A. V., & Zhou, J. Z. (2008) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-s1-s11 · Cited by 66
Zn 2+ Increases Siderophore Production in Azotobacter vinelandii
Huyer, M., & Page, W. J. (1988) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.54.11.2625-2631.1988 · Cited by 63
“Zn2 ' is rather an anomalous ion since it only partially activates Fur and also acts to decrease the ability of Mn2 + to activate the Fur protein (9).”
Isolation and characterization of Bacillus subtilis genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis: relationship between B. subtilis sfpo and Escherichia coli entD genes
Grossman, T. H., Tuckman, M., Ellestad, S., & Osburne, M. S. (1993) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.175.19.6203-6211.1993 · Cited by 65
“coli Fur box has been shown to bind Fur repressor, a negative regulator which controls iron genes in response to iron availability (3).”
Background
A regulatory gene, angR, of the iron uptake system of Vibrio anguillarum: similarity with phage P22 cro and regulation by iron
Farrell, D. H., Mikesell, P., Actis, L. A., & Crosa, J. H. (1990) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90112-5 · Cited by 65
Aerobic regulation of the Escherichia coli tonB gene by changes in iron availability and the fur locus
Postle, K. (1990) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.172.5.2287-2293.1990 · Cited by 61
Regulation of expression of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant
Strathdee, C. A., & Lo, R. Y. C. (1989) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.171.11.5955-5962.1989 · Cited by 65
“Several regulatory systems in which multiple or tandem promoters are controlled differently have been characterized, including those responsive to heat shock (8), ppGpp (17), cyclic AMP-receptor protein (1), and Fe2+ limitation (4, 11).”
Background
Dual regulation of catecholate siderophore biosynthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii by iron and oxidative stress The GenBank accession number for the sequence reported in this paper is AF238500.
Tindale, A. E., Mehrotra, M., Ottem, D., & Page, W. J. (2000) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-146-7-1617 · Cited by 64
“A putative promoter, characteristic of a typical E. coli σ(! promoter (Lewin, 1994) and a putative iron-box, having 14 out of 19 bp identical to the E. coli iron-box consensus sequence (de Lorenzo et al., 1987), was identified overlapping the ®35 region of the csbC promoter (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: de Lorenzo, V, Wee, S., Herrero, M., & Neilands, J. B.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Venue: Journal of Bacteriology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 1987-06
Volume: 169
Issue: 6
Pages: 2624-2630
ISSN: 0021-9193 (ISSN-L)
1098-5530
DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.6.2624-2630.1987
PMC: PMC212138
OpenAlex: W2131282911
Cited by: 536
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 14.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Bacteriology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
National Institutes of Health (1f05tw003577-01)
U.S. Public Health Service (A104156)
Fogarty International Center (1F05TWO3577-01-BI-5)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Escherichia coli research studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Keywords: Fur repressor, iron regulation, promoter, DNase I footprinting, repressor binding sites, consensus sequence, siderophore biosynthesis, Escherichia coli
MeSH terms: Bacterial Proteins, Chromosome Deletion, Cloning, Molecular, Bacteriocin Plasmids, Escherichia coli, Gene Expression Regulation, Hydroxamic Acids, Iron, Operator Regions, Genetic, Operon, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Repressor Proteins, Transcription Factors

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Operator sequences of the aerobactin operon of plasmid ColV-K30 binding the ferric uptake regulation (fur) repressor

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