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Spatial Organization and Composition of the Mucosal Flora in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Open accessAbstract
The composition and spatial organization of the mucosal flora in biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), self-limiting colitis, irritable-bowel syndrome (IBS), and healthy controls were investigated by using a broad range of fluorescent bacterial group-specific rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Each group included 20 subjects. Ten patients who had IBD and who were being treated with antibiotics were also studied. Use of nonaqueous Carnoy fixative to preserve the mucus layer was crucial for detection of bacteria adherent to the mucosal surface (mucosal bacteria). No biofilm was detectable in formalin-fixed biopsy specimens. Mucosal bacteria were found at concentrations greater than 10 9 /ml in 90 to 95% of IBD patients, 95% of patients with self-limiting colitis, 65% of IBS patients, and 35% of healthy controls. The mean density of the mucosal biofilm was 2 powers higher in IBD patients than in patients with IBS or controls, and bacteria were mostly adherent. Bacteroides fragilis was responsible for >60% of the biofilm mass in patients with IBD but for only 30% of the biofilm mass in patients with self-limiting colitis and <15% of the biofilm mass in patients with IBS. In contrast, bacteria which positively hybridized with the probe specific for Eubacterium rectale - Clostridium coccoides accounted for >40% of the biofilm in IBS patients but for <15% of the biofilm in IBD patients. In patients treated with (5-ASA) or antibiotics, the biofilm could be detected with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole but did not hybridize with fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. A Bacteroides fragilis biofilm is the main feature of IBD. This was not previously recognized due to a lack of appropriate tissue fixation. Both 5-ASA and antibiotics suppress but do not eliminate the adherent biofilm.
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“Spatial niche partitioning of microbial populations can also be a result of mucus from goblet cells 46 and differential oxygen tolerance47.”
From The gut Microbiome in adult and pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
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“Studies examining biopsy samples from patients with IBD also revealed greater net loss of potentially beneficial microorganisms in patients with Crohn’s disease than in patients with ulcerative colitis 114,117,121,123,124 .”
Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum on microbial growth and biofilm formation
Рыбальченко, О. В., Бондаренко, В. М., Орлова, О. Г., Markov, A. G., & Amasheh, S. (2015) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-015-1140-1 · Cited by 33
“Numerous studies demonstrated that biofilm-associated microorganisms are linked to several human diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, endocarditis and cystic fibrosis, and colonize a wide variety of medical devices (O’Gara 2007; Swidsinski et al. 2005).”
Does the Gut Microbiota Modulate Host Physiology through Polymicrobial Biofilms?
Yang, J., Yang, Y., Ishii, M., Nagata, M., Aw, W., Obana, N., Tomita, M., Nomura, N., & Fukuda, S. (2020) · Microbes and Environments · doi:10.1264/jsme2.me20037 · Cited by 33
“fragilis covering the entire mucosa and in epithelial crypts (Swidsinski et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialSaettone, V., Biasato, I., Radice, E., Schiavone, A., Bergero, D., & Meineri, G. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10122199 · Cited by 35
Methodological issues in the study of intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome.
Taverniti, V., & Guglielmetti, S. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8821 · Cited by 32
Ping weisan alleviates chronic colitis in mice by regulating intestinal microbiota composition
Zhang, Z., Cao, H., Shen, P. F., Liu, J., Cao, Y., & Zhang, N. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112715 · Cited by 32
Zyoud, S. H., Smale, S., Waring, W. S., Sweileh, W. M., & Al‐Jabi, S. W. (2021) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i13.1341 · Cited by 31
Horizontal Distribution of the Fecal Microbiota in Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Gosiewski, T., Strus, M., Fyderek, K., Kowalska‐Duplaga, K., Wędrychowicz, A., Jedynak‐Wąsowicz, U., Sładek, M., Pieczarkowski, S., Adamski, P., & Heczko, P. B. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31822d53e5 · Cited by 31
“What is more, Swidsinski et al (10) describe the phenomenon of the spatial organization of the intestinal bacterial flora, applying the term ‘‘the intestinal microbiota biostructure’’ (10,11).”
BackgroundAnti-biofilm and antimicrobial effects of zerumbone against Bacteroides fragilis
Kim, H., Rhee, K., & Eom, Y. (2019) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.04.001 · Cited by 31
Microbiota-targeted therapies in inflammation resolution
Strati, F., Lattanzi, G., Amoroso, C., & Facciotti, F. (2022) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2022.101599 · Cited by 31
Michaels, M., & Madsen, K. L. (2023) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.001 · Cited by 33
How Do Polyphenol-Rich Foods Prevent Oxidative Stress and Maintain Gut Health?
Jawhara, S. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12081570 · Cited by 36
“Bacteroides species may have been spatially reorganized in IBD patients, with Bacteroides fragilis occupying an increased proportion of the bacterial mass [14].”
Vidal, R. M., Ginard, D., Khorrami, S., Mora-Ruiz, M. D. R., Muñoz, R., Hermoso, M. A., Díaz, S. C., Cifuentes, A., Orfila, A., & Rossello-Mora, R. A. (2015) · Systematic and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2015.06.008 · Cited by 30
New horizons for the infectious diseases specialist: How gut microflora promote health and disease
Rabizadeh, S., & Sears, C. L. (2008) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-008-0017-8 · Cited by 30
“Consistent with these experimental results, patients with bowel infl ammation have high concentrations of mucosal bacteria (exceeding 10 9 /mL) and a dense, adherent mucosal biofilm mass com posed predominantly of B. fragilis group organisms, but controls do not [ 28 ].”
ResultReview article: the intestinal lumen as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease
Gassull, M. À. (2006) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03067.x · Cited by 31
Qin, T., Yin, Y., Yu, Q., & Yang, Q. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117477 · Cited by 30
“In the complex intestinal environment, an increase in gram-negative bacteria has been observed in intestinal inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease [69].”
BackgroundWerner, T., Shkoda, A., & Haller, D. (2007) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr070222x · Cited by 30
Are biofilms associated with an inflammatory response in chronic rhinosinusitis?
Wood, A. J., Fraser, J. D., Swift, S., Amirapu, S., & Douglas, R. G. (2011) · International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology · doi:10.1002/alr.20060 · Cited by 29
Probiotics in Newborns and Children
Lenfestey, M. W., & Neu, J. (2017) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2017.08.006 · Cited by 29
Crypt residing bacteria and proximal colonic carcinogenesis in a mouse model of Lynch syndrome
Lang, M., Baumgartner, M., Rożalska, A., Frick, A. P., Riva, A., Jarek, M., Berry, D., & Gasché, C. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33028 · Cited by 28
“recognized for subtypes of CRC, but is also a prominent feature of inflammatory bowel diseases.(18,19) In DSS-treated or IL-10 mice, the number of crypts invaded by bacteria increase upon inflammation despite concurrent thickening of the mucus layer.”
BackgroundIncreased Epithelial Permeability Is the Primary Cause for Bicarbonate Loss in Inflamed Murine Colon
Juric, M., Xiao, F., Amasheh, S., May, O., Wahl, K., Bantel, H., Manns, M. P., Seidler, U. E., & Bachmann, O. P. (2013) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/mib.0b013e3182813322 · Cited by 29
“composition have indeed been observed during intestinal inflammation,(52) and are believed to be involved in IBD pathogenesis.(53) The functional downregulation of both Na+/H+ and Cl(2)/HCO(2)3 exchangers of the surface epithelium, in combination with increased HCO(2)3 leakage, observed even in this mild nonerosive in…”
BackgroundHydrodynamic flow and concentration gradients in the gut enhance neutral bacterial diversity
Labavić, D., Loverdo, C., & Bitbol, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2108671119 · Cited by 28
“Indeed, the surface area of the large intestine, including its folds, is about 2 square meters [43], while the mucus layer is about 100− 300 μm thick [44], and typically comprises a few 10 bacteria per milliliter in healthy samples [45], which leads to an order of magnitude of 10 bacteria associated to mucus.”
BackgroundCheckpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis: From Pathogenesis to Management
Terrin, M., Migliorisi, G., Buono, A. D., Gabbiadini, R., Mastrorocco, E., Quadarella, A., Repici, A., Santoro, A., & Armuzzi, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241411504 · Cited by 30
Disruption of Pten Speeds Onset and Increases Severity of Spontaneous Colitis in Il10−/− Mice
Im, E., Jung, J., Pothoulakis, C., & Rhee, S. H. (2014) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.05.034 · Cited by 28
Keratins Are Altered in Intestinal Disease-Related Stress Responses
Helenius, T. O., Antman, C., Asghar, M. N., Nyström, J. H., & Toivola, D. M. (2016) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells5030035 · Cited by 30
New insights into the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease: are they relevant for therapeutic options?
Administrator (2009) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2009.12520 · Cited by 28
Is the role of IgA in local immunity completely known?
Herich, R. (2016) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540105.2016.1258547 · Cited by 27
Cause or effect? The spatial organization of pathogens and the gut microbiota in disease
Nguyen, J., Pepin, D. M., & Tropini, C. (2021) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104815 · Cited by 27
Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: Clostridioides difficile Biofilm as a Reservoir for Recurrent Infections
Meza‐Torres, J., Auria, E., Dupuy, B., & Tremblay, Y. D. N. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9091922 · Cited by 24
“fragilis is responsible for more than 60% of the biofilm mass [62].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Swidsinski, A., Weber, J., Loening-Baucke, V., Hale, L. P., & Lochs, H.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3380-3389
- ISSN
- 0095-1137 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-660X
- PMC
- PMC1169142
- OpenAlex
- W2097177097
- Cited by
- 894
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 12.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Microscopic Colitis
- Keywords
- inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Bacteroides fragilis, irritable bowel syndrome, 5-aminosalicylic acid, antibiotic therapy, bacterial adhesion, fluorescence in situ hybridization, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis, Biopsy, Colitis, Ulcerative, Crohn Disease, Female, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Male, Middle Aged, Colon, Sigmoid, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Ecosystem, Biofilms
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