The zinc finger antiviral protein acts synergistically with an interferon-induced factor for maximal activity against alphaviruses
Open accessAbstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) signal through specific receptors to mediate expression of genes, which together confer a cellular antiviral state. Overexpression of the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) imparts a cellular antiviral state against Retroviridae,Togaviridae, and Filoviridae virus family members. Since ZAP expression is induced by IFN, we utilized Sindbis virus (SINV) to investigate the role of other IFN-induced factors in ZAP's inhibitory potential. Overexpressed ZAP did not inhibit virion production or SINV-induced cell death in BHK cells deficient in IFN production (and thus IFN signaling), suggesting a role for an IFN-induced factor in ZAP's activity. IFN pretreatment in the presence of ZAP resulted in greater inhibition than IFN alone. Using mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells deficient in Stat1, we showed that signaling through the IFN receptor is necessary for IFN′s enhancement of ZAP activity. Unlike in BHK cells, however, overexpressed ZAP exhibited antiviral activity in the absence of IFN. In wild-type MEFs with an intact Stat1 gene, IFN pretreatment synergized with ZAP to generate a potent antiviral response. Despite failing to inhibit SINV virion production and virus-induced cell death in BHK cells, ZAP inhibited translation of the incoming viral RNA. IFN pretreatment synergized with ZAP to further block protein expression from the incoming viral genome. We further show that silencing of IFN-induced ZAP reduces IFN efficacy. Our findings demonstrate that ZAP can synergize with another IFN-induced factor(s) for maximal antiviral activity and that ZAP's intrinsic antiviral activity on virion production and cell survival can have cell-type-specific outcomes.
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BHK and Vero E6 cells are known to be deficient in interferon signaling, and EMCV is known to be highly sensitive to interferon.
“as both BHK and Vero E6 cells are known to be deficient in interferon signaling [54,55], and EMCV is known to be highly sensitive to interferon [56]”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- MacDonald, M. R., Machlin, E. S., Albin, O. R., & Levy, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacDonald, Margaret R.
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2007-12-15
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 13509-13518
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC2168828
- OpenAlex
- W2104096798
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI057905, R01AI057905)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Keywords
- zinc-finger antiviral protein, type I interferon, Sindbis virus, alphavirus, antiviral synergy, STAT1, interferon receptor signaling, virion production, virus-induced cell death
- MeSH terms
- Alphavirus, Animals, Carrier Proteins, Cell Line, Drug Synergism, Fibroblasts, Cricetinae, Humans, Proteins, Sindbis Virus, Zinc Fingers, RNA-Binding Proteins, Interferon-alpha, Mice, Rats
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