Coxsackievirus B Escapes the Infected Cell in Ejected Mitophagosomes
Open accessAbstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common enterovirus that can cause various systemic inflammatory diseases. Because CVB lacks an envelope, it has been thought to be inherently cytolytic, wherein CVB can escape from the infected host cell only by causing it to rupture. In recent years, however, we and others have observed that various naked viruses, such as CVB, can trigger the release of infectious extracellular microvesicles (EMVs) that contain viral material. This mode of cellular escape has been suggested to allow the virus to be masked from the adaptive immune system. Additionally, we have previously reported that these viral EMVs have LC3, suggesting that they originated from autophagosomes. We now report that CVB-infected cells trigger DRP1-mediated fragmentation of mitochondria, which is a precursor to autophagic mitochondrial elimination (mitophagy). However, rather than being degraded by lysosomes, mitochondrion-containing autophagosomes are released from the cell. We believe that CVB localizes to mitochondria, induces mitophagy, and subsequently disseminates from the cell in an autophagosome-bound mitochondrion-virus complex. Suppressing the mitophagy pathway in HL-1 cardiomyocytes with either small interfering RNA (siRNA) or Mdivi-1 caused marked reduction in virus production. The findings in this study suggest that CVB subverts mitophagy machinery to support viral dissemination in released EMVs. IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus B (CVB) can cause a number of life-threatening inflammatory diseases. Though CVB is well known to disseminate via cytolysis, recent reports have revealed a second pathway in which CVB can become encapsulated in host membrane components to escape the cell in an exosome-like particle. Here we report that these membrane-bound structures derive from mitophagosomes. Blocking various steps in the mitophagy pathway reduced levels of intracellular and extracellular virus. Not only does this study reveal a novel mechanism of picornaviral dissemination, but also it sheds light on new therapeutic targets to treat CVB and potentially other picornaviral infections.
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Many viruses such as HIV, coxsackievirus, hepatitis B and C, influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, and SARS-CoV-2 hijack cellular and mitochondrial programs to enhance viral replication, package virus into EVs, and use EVs containing virus or viral components to subvert the immune response to obtain a replicative advantage in the host.
“Many viruses such as HIV, coxsackievirus, hepatitis B and C, influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, and SARS-CoV-2 highjack cellular and mitochondrial programs to enhance viral replication, package virus into EVs, and use EVs containing virus or viral components to subvert the immune response to obtain a replicative advantage in the host (Figure 1).”
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- Authors
- Sin, J., McIntyre, L., Stotland, A., Feuer, R., & Gottlieb, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2017-12-15
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 24
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC5709598
- OpenAlex
- W2762153710
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | National Institutes of Health (T32 HL116273, KL2 TR001882, P01 HL112730)
- Myocarditis Foundation (Fellowship Research Grant)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Keywords
- Coxsackie B virus, mitophagy, extracellular microvesicles, viral dissemination, Drp1, mitochondrial fragmentation, autophagosomes, LC3, picornavirus, exosomes, Mdivi-1, HL-1 cardiomyocytes, host-virus interaction, viral immune evasion
- MeSH terms
- Autophagosomes, Autophagy, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Mitochondria, Virus Replication, Enterovirus B, Human, Myocytes, Cardiac, RNA, Small Interfering, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Mitophagy, Death-Associated Protein Kinases
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