Binding of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus to Antigens of the ABH Histo-Blood Group Family
Open accessAbstract
The ability of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus to agglutinate human erythrocytes and to attach to rabbit epithelial cells of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts was shown to depend on the presence of ABH blood group antigens. Indeed, agglutination was inhibited by saliva from secretor individuals but not from nonsecretors, the latter being devoid of H antigen. In addition, erythrocytes of the rare Bombay phenotype, which completely lack ABH antigens, were not agglutinated. Native viral particles from extracts of infected rabbit liver as well as virus-like particles from the recombinant virus capsid protein specifically bound to synthetic A and H type 2 blood group oligosaccharides. Both types of particles could attach to adult rabbit epithelial cells of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. This binding paralleled that of anti-H type 2 blood group reagents and was inhibited by the H type 2-specific lectin UEA-I and polyacrylamide-conjugated H type 2 trisaccharide. Young rabbit tissues were almost devoid of A and H type 2 antigens, and only very weak binding of virus particles could be obtained on these tissues.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
RHDV and human noroviruses bind histo-blood group antigens - complex carbohydrates linked to glycoproteins or glycolipids on the surface of erythrocytes and mucosal epithelial cells.
“while RHDV and human noroviruses bind histo-blood group antigens – complex carbohydrates linked to glycoproteins or glycolipids on the surface of erythrocytes and mucosal epithelial cells [40–42].”
From Vesivirus 2117 capsids more closely resemble sapovirus and lagovirus particles than other known vesivirus structures (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 27
- [1]Breimer M E, Hansson G C, Karlsson K A, Leffler H, Pimlot W, Samuelsson B E. Selected ion monitoring of glycosphingolipid mixtures. Identification of several blood group type glycolipids in the small intestine of an individual rabbit. Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1979;6:231–241. doi: 10.1002/bms.1200060603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [2]Capucci L, Scicluna M T, Lavazza A. Diagnosis of viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and the European brown hare syndrome. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epizoot. 1991;10:347–370. doi: 10.20506/rst.10.2.561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [3]Clarke I N, Lambden P R. The molecular biology of caliciviruses. J Gen Virol. 1997;78:291–301. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-2-291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [4]Fukuda M N, Levery S B. Glycolipids of fetal, newborn and adult erythrocytes: glycolipid pattern and structural study of H3-glycolipid from newborn erythrocytes. Biochemistry. 1983;22:5034–5040. doi: 10.1021/bi00290a024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [5]Gelmetti D, Griecon V, Rossi C, Capucci L, Lavazza A. Detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) by in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin labelled RNA probe. J Virol Methods. 1998;72:219–226. doi: 10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00030-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [6]Guittré C, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Barraud L, Cherel Y, Baginski I, Prave M, Ganière J P, Trépo C, Cova L. Early stages of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus infection monitored by polymerase chain infection. Zentbl Vetmed Reihe B. 1996;43:109–118. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00294.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [7]Hanchun Y, Xu W Y, Du N. Hemagglutination characteristics of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. 1991. p. 67. . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease. Beijing, People's Republic of China. Chinese Association of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Beijing, China. [Google Scholar]
- [8]Kelly R J, Ernst L K, Larsen R D, Bryant J G, Robinson J S, Lowe J B. Molecular basis for H blood group deficiency in Bombay (Oh) and para-Bombay individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:5843–5847. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.5843. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [9]Kelly R J, Rouquier S, Giorgi D, Lennon G G, Lowe J B. Sequence and expression of a candidate for the human secretor blood group α(1,2) fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2) J Biol Chem. 1995;270:4640–4649. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.9.4640. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [10]König M, Thiel H J, Meyers G. Detection of viral proteins after infection of cultured hepatocytes with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. J Virol. 1998;72:4492–4497. doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.5.4492-4497.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [11]Laurent S, Vautherot J-F, Madelaine M-F, Le Gall G, Rasschaert D. Recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein expressed in baculovirus self-assembles into viruslike particles and induces protection. J Virol. 1994;68:6794–6798. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6794-6798.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [12]Le Pendu J, Cartron J P, Lemieux R U, Oriol R. The presence of at least two different H blood group-related β-d-gal α-2-l-fucosyltransferases in human serum and genetics of blood group H substances. Am J Hum Genet. 1985;37:749–760. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [13]Le Pendu J, Le Cabellec M, Bara J. Immunohistochemical analysis of antibodies against ABH and other glycoconjugates in normal human pyloric and duodenal mucosae. Trans Clin Biol. 1997;1:41–46. doi: 10.1016/s1246-7820(97)80009-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [14]Marcato P S, Benazzi C, Vecchi G, Galeotti M, Salda L D, Sarli G, Lucidi P. Clinical and pathological features of viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and the European brown hare syndrome. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epizoot. 1991;10:371–392. doi: 10.20506/rst.10.2.560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [15]Meyers G, Wirblich C, Thiel H J. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a calicivirus genome. Virology. 1991;184:664–676. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90436-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [16]Meyers G, Wirblich C, Thiel H J. Genomic and subgenomic RNAs of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus are both protein-linked and packaged into particles. Virology. 1991;184:677–686. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90437-G. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [17]Miller-Podraza H, Stenhagen G, Larsson T, Andersson C, Karlsson K A. Screening for the presence of polyglycosylceramides in various tissues: partial characterization of blood group-active complex glycosphingolipids of rabbit and dog small intestines. Glycoconj J. 1997;14:231–239. doi: 10.1023/a:1018545922728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [18]Morisse J P, Le Gall G, Boilletot E. Hepatitis of viral origin in leporidae. Introduction and aetiological hypotheses. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epizoot. 1991;10:283–297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [19]Moussa A, Chasey D, Lavazza A, Capucci L, Smid B, Meyer G, Rossi C, Thiel H G, Vlasak R, Ronsholt L, Novotny N, McCullough K, Gavier-Widen D. Haemorrhagic disease of lagomorphs. Evidence for a calicivirus. Vet Microbiol. 1992;33:375–381. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90065-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [20]Oriol R, Le Pendu J, Mollicone R. Genetics of ABO, H, Lewis, X and related antigens. Vox Sang. 1986;51:161–171. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1986.tb01946.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [21]Oriol R, Mollicone R, Coullin P, Dalix A M, Candelier J J. Genetic regulation of the expression of ABH and Lewis antigens in tissues. APMIS. 1992;100:28–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [22]Park J H, Ochiai K, Itakura C. Detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus particles in the rabbit liver tissues. J Comp Pathol. 1992;107:329–340. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(92)90008-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [23]Plana-Duran J, Bastons M, Rodriguez M J, Climent I, Cortés E, Vela C, Casal I. Oral immunization of rabbits with VP60 particles confers protection against rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Arch Virol. 1996;141:1423–1436. doi: 10.1007/BF01718245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [24]Plassiart G, Guelfi J F, Ganière J P, Wang B, André-Fontaine G, Wyers M. Hematological parameters and visceral lesions relationships in rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease. J Vet Med Ser B. 1992;39:443–453. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1992.tb01192.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [25]Pu B Q, Qian N J, Cui S J. HA and HI tests for the detection of antibody titers to so called “haemorrhagic pneumonia” in rabbits. Chin J Vet Med. 1985;11:16–17. [Google Scholar]
- [26]Ruvoën-Clouet N, Blanchard D, André-Fontaine G, Ganière J P. Partial characterization of the human erythrocyte receptor for rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Res Virol. 1995;146:33–41. doi: 10.1016/0923-2516(96)80587-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [27]Xu Z J, Chen W X. Viral haemorrhagic disease in rabbits: a review. Vet Res Commun. 1989;13:205–212. doi: 10.1007/BF00142046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Human milk glycans protect infants against enteric pathogens.
Newburg, D., Ruiz-Palacios, G., & Morrow, A. (2005) · Annual review of nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092553 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Marionneau, S., Ruvoën, N., Le Moullac–Vaidye, B., Clement, M., Cailleau–Thomas, A., Ruiz–Palacois, G., Huang, P., Jiang, X., & Le Pendu, J. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.33661 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Norwalk Virus Infection and Disease Is Associated with ABO Histo–Blood Group Type
Hutson, A. M., Atmar, R. L., Graham, D. Y., & Estes, M. K. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/339883 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
“rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, also hemagglutinate human RBCs and bind to the H (type 2) carbohydrate antigen [16].”
BackgroundHuang, P., Farkas, T., Marionneau‐Lambot, S., Zhong, W., Ruvoën‐Clouet, N., Morrow, A. L., Altaye, M., Pickering, L. K., Newburg, D. S., Pendu, J. L., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/375742 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
“The rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, an animal calicivirus of the Lagovirus genus, specifically binds to the H type 2 antigens of rabbit epithelial cells [14].”
BackgroundRabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review
Abrantes, J., van der Loo, W., Pendu, J. L., & Esteves, P. (2012) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/1297-9716-43-12 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
“The natural doors for viral entry have been suggested to be located in the upper respiratory and digestive tract [16,82].”
BackgroundInfluentialMarionneau, S., Cailleau-Thomas, A., Rocher, J., le Moullac-Vaidye, B., Ruvoën, N., Clément, M., & Pendu, J. L. (2001) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/s0300-9084(01)01321-9 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“virus (RHDV) binds to rabbit epithelial cells of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts via H type 2 epitopes [29].”
BackgroundNorwalk virus infection and disease is associated with ABO histo-blood group type.
Hennessy, E., Green, A., Connor, M. P., Darby, R., & Macdonald, P. (2003) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/375829 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the VLPs from another calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, also hemagglutinate human RBCs and bind to the H (type 2) carbohydrate antigen [16].”
BackgroundNorovirus disease: changing epidemiology and host susceptibility factors
Hutson, A. M., Atmar, R., & Estes, M. (2004) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.04.005 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
“Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was the first calicivirus shown to bind H type 2 carbohydrate [63] .”
BackgroundNorovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: an answer to a historical puzzle.
Tan, M., & Jiang, X. (2005) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.004 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Milk intelligence: Mining milk for bioactive substances associated with human health
Mills, S., Ross, R. P., Hill, C., Fitzgerald, G. F., & Stanton, C. (2011) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.12.011 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Norwalk Virus-Like Particle Hemagglutination by Binding to H Histo-Blood Group Antigens
Hutson, A. M., Atmar, R. L., Marcus, D. M., & Estes, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.1.405-415.2003 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“Interestingly, H type 2 is the HA receptor for RHDV VLPs on human RBCs (47).”
BackgroundTan, M., Huang, P., Meller, J., Zhong, W., Farkas, T., & Jiang, X. (2003) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.23.12562-12571.2003 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Most interestingly, the rabbit calicivirus recognizes the human H type 2 antigen (39).”
BackgroundNorovirus Gastroenteritis, Carbohydrate Receptors, and Animal Models
Tan, M., & Jiang, X. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000983 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Variant Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Young Rabbits, Spain
Dalton, K., Nicieza, I., Balseiro, A., Muguerza, M. A., Rosell, J., Casais, R., Álvarez, Á. L., & Parra, F. (2012) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1812.120341 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“This difference in disease susceptibility is poorly understood, but it may be due to changes in tissue-specifi c receptors that occur as young rabbits develop to adulthood (3).”
BackgroundHaga, K., Fujimoto, A., Takai‐Todaka, R., Miki, M., Doan, Y. H., Murakami, K., Yokoyama, M., Murata, K., Nakanishi, A., & Katayama, K. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1605575113 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“The closely related lagovirus, a member of the Caliciviridae, uses histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors (3).”
BackgroundThe wide utility of rabbits as models of human diseases
Esteves, P., Abrantes, J., Baldauf, H., BenMohamed, L., Chen, Y., Christensen, N., González-Gallego, J., Giacani, L., Hu, J., Kaplan, G., et al. (2018) · Experimental and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0094-1 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenesis of Noroviruses, Emerging RNA Viruses
Karst, S. M. (2010) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v2030748 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Several animal caliciviruses also bind HBGAs, inclu ding the highly virulent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus that segregates within the lagovirus genus [131] and the Tulane virus isolated from rhes us macaques that defines the newly proposed recovirus genus [127,132].”
BackgroundNorovirus-host interaction: multi-selections by human HBGAs
Tan, M., & Jiang, X. (2011) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.05.007 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Mendelian resistance to human norovirus infections
Pendu, J. L., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., Kindberg, E., & Svensson, L. (2006) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.009 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Histo-blood group antigens: a common niche for norovirus and rotavirus
Tan, M., & Jiang, X. (2014) · Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1017/erm.2014.2 · Cited by 157
Carlsson, B., Kindberg, E., Buesa, J., Rydell, G., Lidón, M. F., Montava, R., Abu-Mallouh, R., Grahn, A., Rodríguez-Díaz, J., Bellido, J., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005593 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: field epidemiology and the management of wild rabbit populations.
Cooke, B. (2002) · Revue scientifique et technique · doi:10.20506/rst.21.2.1337 · Cited by 153
Bitter-sweet symphony: glycan–lectin interactions in virus biology
Van Breedam, W., Pöhlmann, S., Favoreel, H. W., de Groot, R. J., & Nauwynck, H. J. (2014) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12052 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…Cao et al., 2007; Tan & Jiang, 2007; Bu et al., 2008; Choi et al., 2008; Donaldson et al., 2008; Shirato, 2011), rabbit hemorrhagic disease viruses (Ruvoen-Clouet et al., 2000; Rademacher et al., 2008; Guillon et al., 2009; Nystrom et al., 2011), and the rhesus monkey Tulane virus (Farkas et…”
BackgroundPuggioni, G., Cavadini, P., Maestrale, C., Scivoli, R., Botti, G., Ligios, C., Gall-Reculé, G. L., Lavazza, A., & Capucci, L. (2013) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/1297-9716-44-96 · Cited by 147
“At present, the only candidate is the histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) expressed on the intestinal surface of rabbits and to which RHDV specifically binds [23,24].”
BackgroundCooke, B., & Fenner, F. (2002) · doi:10.1071/wr02010 · Cited by 139
“Ruvoen-Clouet et al. (2000) found that RHDV binds to antigens of the ABH histo-blood group family.”
Tan, M., Xia, M., Chen, Y.-T., Bu, W., Hegde, R., Meller, J., Li, X.-M., & Jiang, X. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005058 · Cited by 132
“). Strains of both A/B and Lewis binding groups can be found in the two major genogroups of human noroviruses. In addition, virus-HBGA interaction has also been found in two other genera of caliciviruses. For example, the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) binds to H antigen”
BackgroundNorovirus–host interaction: implications for disease control and prevention
Tan, M., & Jiang, X. (2007) · Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1462399407000348 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Atomic Model of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus by Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Crystallography
Wang, X., Xu, F. T., Liu, J., Gao, B., Liu, Y., Zhai, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, K., Baker, T. S., Schulten, K. J., et al. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003132 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Nyström, K., Le Gall-Reculé, G., Grassi, P., Abrantes, J., Ruvoën-Clouet, N., Le Moullac-Vaidye, B., Lopes, A. M., Esteves, P. J., Strive, T., Marchandeau, S., et al. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002188 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“), histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) expressed on the duodenal surface and trachea of rabbits, two possible doors of entry for the virus”
BackgroundCurran, R. L., Payne, D. C., Staat, M. A., Selvarangan, R., Shirley, S. H., Halasa, N., Boom, J. A., Englund, J. A., Szilagyi, P. G., Harrison, C. J., et al. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ165 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“These carbohydrates serve as binding ligands and presumed receptors for caliciviruses, the virus family that includes norovirus [7].”
BackgroundVelarde, R., Cavadini, P., Neimanis, A., Cabezón, O., Chiari, M., Gaffuri, A., Lavín, S., Grilli, G., Gavier-Widén, D., Lavazza, A., et al. (2016) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12562 · Cited by 104
“…a specific binding between lagoviruses and glycans, particularly those of the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), constituting the glycocalyx of the small intestinal epithelial cells, is the first step of the viral infection (Ruvoen-Clouet et al., 2000; Guillon et al., 2009; Nystr€om et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGlycosphingolipids as Receptors for Non-Enveloped Viruses
Taube, S., Jiang, M.-X., & Wobus, C. (2010) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v2041011 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“It causes systemic infection in rabbits with epidemics of acute fatal hepatitis, but the mechanism by which RHDV infects rabbits is still unclear [72,127].”
BackgroundInfluentialYu, Y., Mishra, S., Song, X.-Z., Lasanajak, Y., Bradley, K. C., Tappert, M. M., Air, G., Steinhauer, D., Halder, S., Cotmore, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.425819 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Specific fucosylated HMGs are recognized by enteropathogens, including Helicobacter pylori (17), rabbit calicivirus (18) and Norwalk virus (19).”
Tan, M., Zhong, W., Song, D., Thornton, S., & Jiang, X. (2004) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.20228 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Recombinant VLPs have also been used to study the host specificity and receptor-binding specificity of NVs [White et al., 1996; Ruvoen-Clouet et al., 2000; Harrington et al., 2002; Marionneau et al., 2002; Huang et al., 2003; Hutson et al., 2003].”
MethodThe Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Vulnerability Association with ABO/Rh Blood Types
Abdollahi, A., Mahmoudi-Aliabadi, M., Mehrtash, V., Jafarzadeh, B., & Salehi, M. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Pathology · doi:10.30699/ijp.2020.125135.2367 · Cited by 84
“Sequential addition of carbohydrate units on precursor oligosaccharide backbone leads to four phenotypes A, B, AB and O; H antigen is built by the addition of fucose to the oligosaccharide backbone; moreover, A and B antigens are made up of addition of N-acetylgalactosamine (A) and D-galactose (B) to the core H antige…”
BackgroundRuvoen-Clouet, N., Belliot, G., & Pendu, J. L. (2013) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.1757 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“GENETIC DETERMINISM OF RESISTANCE TO NOROVIRUS INFECTIONS Following the discovery that the virus responsible for hemorrhagic disease in rabbits (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus), which also belongs to the Caliciviridae family, binds to a trisaccharide of the HBGA family [18], it was found that human strains of NoVs b…”
BackgroundJiang, X., Liu, Y., & Tan, M. (2017) · Emerging Microbes &Infections · doi:10.1038/emi.2017.30 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Human caliciviruses and pediatric gastroenteritis.
Moreno-Espinosa, S., Farkas, T., & Xi, J. (2004) · Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.spid.2004.07.004 · Cited by 81
Glycosphingolipid–Protein Interaction in Signal Transduction
Russo, D., Parashuraman, S., & D’Angelo, G. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17101732 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) A and H Type 2 HBGA [37]”
BackgroundHost–pathogen co-evolution and glycan interactions
Le Pendu, J., Nyström, K., & Ruvoën-Clouet, N. (2014) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.06.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Similar to human NoVs, it binds to HBGAs [38].”
BackgroundZakhour, M., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., Charpilienne, A., Langpap, B., Poncet, D., Peters, T., Bovin, N., & Pendu, J. L. (2009) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000504 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“. The use of such molecules as primary ligands by HuNoV strains as well as by RHDV”
BackgroundPendu, J. L. (2004) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_13 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Norovirus and histo-blood group antigens.
Shirato, H. (2011) · Japanese journal of infectious diseases (Print) · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54836-2_146-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“observed that RHDV binds to a trisaccharide (Fucα1-2Galβl4GlcNAcβ1-R) present on the surface epithelial cells of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts, which are natural entry points for the virus (44).”
BackgroundRydell, G., Dahlin, A. B., Höök, F., & Larson, G. (2009) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwp103 · Cited by 69
“Interestingly, in histochemical studies of fixed and paraffin-embedded tracheae tissue sections, the binding of RHDV as well as the expression of H type 2 antigens in young rabbits was low, but increased with age in parallel to the susceptibility to lethal RHDV infection (Ruvoen-Clouet et al. 2000).”
BackgroundNeimanis, A., Pettersson, U. L., Huang, N., Gavier-Widén, D., & Strive, T. (2018) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s13567-018-0540-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Dallas, D. C., Martin, W. F., Strum, J. S., Zivkovic, A. M., Smilowitz, J. T., Underwood, M. A., Affolter, M., Lebrilla, C. B., & German, J. B. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf104681p · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Genogroup IV and VI Canine Noroviruses Interact with Histo-Blood Group Antigens
Caddy, S., Breiman, A., Pendu, J. L., & Goodfellow, I. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01008-14 · Cited by 54
“attachment factors (10), and this was soon followed by the demonstration that human Norwalk virus also uses these carbohy-”
BackgroundDonohue, D. S., Ielasi, F., Goossens, K. V. Y., & Willaert, R. (2011) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07676.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“For example, some Campylobacter jejuni strains and rabbit-specific virus (RHDV) were shown to recognize and attach to H type 2 epitopes (Newburg, 2000; Ruvoën-Clouet et al., 2000).”
BackgroundKim, D.-S., Hosmillo, M., Alfajaro, M. M., Kim, J.-Y., Park, J.-G., Son, K.-Y., Ryu, E.-H., Sorgeloos, F., Kwon, H.-J., Park, S.-J., et al. (2014) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004172 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Norovirus Binding to Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is Independent of Histo-Blood Group Antigens
Murakami, K., Kurihara, C., Oka, T., Shimoike, T., Fujii, Y., Takai-Todaka, R., Park, Y., Wakita, T., Matsuda, T., Hokari, R., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066534 · Cited by 49
An overview of the lagomorph immune system and its genetic diversity
Pinheiro, A., Neves, F., de Matos, A. L., Abrantes, J., van der Loo, W., Mage, R. G., & Esteves, P. J. (2015) · Immunogenetics · doi:10.1007/s00251-015-0868-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Experimental inoculation trials also showed the importance of the immune responses in the course of RHDV infection.”
InfluentialViral biocontrol: grand experiments in disease emergence and evolution
Giallonardo, F. D., & Holmes, E. (2014) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Strive, T., Elsworth, P., Liu, J., Wright, J., Kovaliski, J., & Capucci, L. (2013) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/1297-9716-44-51 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It has been shown that HistoBlood Group Antigens (HBGAs) on the epithelial linings of the rabbit gastro intestinal tract act as attachment factors for RHDV [31].”
Zakhour, M., Maalouf, H., Bartolo, I. D., Haugarreau, L., Guyader, F. L., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., le Saux, J., Ruggeri, F., Pommepuy, M., & Pendu, J. L. (2010) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00671-10 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“2 Bo/ Newbury2/76/UK (NB2) norovirus strain, to carbohydrates expressed on epithelial digestive cells (17, 24, 32, 44).”
BackgroundMcKee, S., Young, V., Clow, F., Hayman, C., Baird, M., Hermans, I., Young, S., & Ward, V. (2012) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.015 · Cited by 43
Human norovirus infection and the lessons from animal caliciviruses
Radford, A. D., Gaskell, R., & Hart, C. (2004) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/00001432-200410000-00012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Guillon, P., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., le Moullac-Vaidye, B., Marchandeau, S., & Pendu, J. L. (2008) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwn098 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“1991) and express low levels of H type 2make it highly plausible that it is a good candidate as a primary receptor (Ruvoën-clouet et al. 2000).”
BackgroundElsworth, P., Kovaliski, J., & Cooke, B. (2012) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268811002743 · Cited by 40
“It has been shown that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on mucosal cells bind both RHDV [30] and human norovirus [31] and, in the latter case, resistance to infection has developed through nonfunctional mutations that inhibit the expression of HBGAs on mucosal cell surfaces [32, 33].”
BackgroundEvidence for Human Norovirus Infection of Dogs in the United Kingdom
Caddy, S., de Rougemont, A., Emmott, E., Elattar, L., Mitchell, J., Hollinshead, M., Belliot, G., Brownlie, J., Pendu, J. L., & Goodfellow, I. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02778-14 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dalton, K., Abrantes, J., Lopes, A. M., Nicieza, I., Álvarez, Á. L., Esteves, P., & Parra, F. (2015) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-014-2329-3 · Cited by 37
“[16, 17].”
Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections
Tenge, V. R., Hu, L., Prasad, B. V. V., Larson, G., Atmar, R. L., Estes, M. K., & Ramani, S. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13102066 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was able to agglutinate human erythrocytes expressing ABH antigens but not those of the rare Bombay phenotype, which completely lack these glycans, or cord-blood samples with low levels of ABH expression [58].”
BackgroundWells, K., Brook, B., Lacy, R., Mutze, G., Peacock, D., Sinclair, R., Schwensow, N., Cassey, P., O'Hara, R., & Fordham, D. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1184 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Structural Analysis of a Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Binding to Histo-Blood Group Antigens
Leuthold, M., Dalton, K., & Hansman, G. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02832-14 · Cited by 35
“RHDV and human norovirus bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and this is thought to be important for infection (22, 23).”
BackgroundVirus-Like Particles, a Versatile Subunit Vaccine Platform
Donaldson, B., Al-Barwani, F., Young, V., Scullion, S., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2014) · Subunit Vaccine Delivery · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“RHDV VLPs retain the ability of its native virus to bind carbohydrate moieties, providing a useful mechanism for modifi cation and vaccine enhancement (Ruvoen-Clouet et al.”
BackgroundNeave, M. J., Hall, R., Huang, N., Mccoll, K., Kerr, P., Hoehn, M., Taylor, J., & Strive, T. (2018) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v10090512 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“These include (i) a developmental antigen that functions as the cellular receptor for the virus [30,53]; (ii) structural or functional changes to the liver, possibly due to dietary changes at weaning, that induce susceptibility [33,50]; or (iii) differences in innate immune responses between young and adult rabbits th…”
BackgroundImmunosuppression abrogates resistance of young rabbits to Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD)
Marques, R. M., Teixeira, L., Águas, A., Ribeiro, J., Costa-e-Silva, A., & Ferreira, P. G. (2014) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/1297-9716-45-14 · Cited by 30
“They also showed that hepatocytes, the main target of RHDV replication, do not express HBGA [7,8], which led them to suggest the existence of additional hepatic cellular receptor(s) for the virus [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialImmunity against Lagovirus europaeus and the Impact of the Immunological Studies on Vaccination
Müller, C., Hrynkiewicz, R., Bębnowska, D., Maldonado, J., Baratelli, M., Köllner, B., & Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, P. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9030255 · Cited by 27
Zhu, J., Miao, Q., Tang, J.-Y., Wang, X., Dong, D., Liu, T., Qi, R., Yang, Z.-B., & Liu, G.-Q. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007383 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“RHDV has been shown to bind to oligosaccharides H type 2 and A type 2, which are histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) expressed on the surfaces of cells lining the duodenal surface and trachea of rabbits, thereby presenting two possible viral entry points [5].”
BackgroundCompetition for membrane receptors: norovirus detachment via lectin attachment.
Parveen, N., Rydell, G., Larson, G., Hytönen, V., Zhdanov, V., Höök, F., & Block, S. (2019) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.9b06036 · Cited by 24
Bruce, J., Twigg, L., & Gray, G. S. (2004) · doi:10.1071/wr02069 · Cited by 23
Intestinal mucin-type O -glycans: the major players in the host-bacteria-rotavirus interactions
Raev, S. A., Amimo, J. O., Saif, L. J., & Vlasova, A. N. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2197833 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The biodiversity of mucosal O-glycans may play an evolutionary important role in protection against pathogens known to interact with certain glycans such as HBGAs resulting in lower susceptibility of mammals.(54)”
BackgroundLiver disease in young rabbits infected by calicivirus through nasal and oral routes.
Ferreira, P. G., Costa-e-Silva, A., & Águas, A. P. (2006) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.02.001 · Cited by 22
Immune Response Modulation by Caliciviruses
Peñaflor-Téllez, Y., Trujillo-Uscanga, A., Escobar-Almazán, J. A., & Gutiérrez-Escolano, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02334 · Cited by 21
“Many noroviruses, neboviruses, and lagoviruses require saccharides in histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) [reviewed in (13) and (14), whereas vesiviruses and murine norovirus (MNV) use sialic acid (15, 16)].”
BackgroundBovine Nebovirus Interacts with a Wide Spectrum of Histo-Blood Group Antigens
Cho, E.-H., Soliman, M., Alfajaro, M. M., Kim, J.-Y., Seo, J., Park, J.-G., Kim, D.-S., Baek, Y.-B., Kang, M.-I., Park, S.-I., et al. (2018) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02160-17 · Cited by 21
Fernández, E., Toledo, J., Méndez, L., González, N., Parra, F., Martín-Alonso, J., Limonta, M., Sánchez, K., Cabrales, A., Estrada, M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056417 · Cited by 21
“The stability noticed for other calicivirus-like particles at acidic pH has been attributed in part to the capacity in vivo of some of these viruses to attach to the host gastrointestinal tract [50–52].”
BackgroundAbrantes, J., & Lopes, A. M. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050972 · Cited by 20
“This culminated in the identification of ABH blood group antigens as attachment factors used by RHDV to initiate infection [37].”
BackgroundRademacher, C., & Peters, T. (2008) · Topics in current chemistry · doi:10.1007/128_2007_19 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Parkes, J., Glentworth, B., & Sullivan, G. (2008) · doi:10.1071/wr08008 · Cited by 19
“2002) and so the cohort born the previous spring would have passed through one epizootic when theywere old enough to have lost their innate resistance toRHDV (Morrisse et al. 1991; Ruvoën-Clouet et al. 2000; Robinson et al. 2002) and any measurable maternal antibodies (Cooke et al.”
BackgroundThe Molecular Virology of Enteric Viruses
Buesa, J., & Rodríguez-Díaz, J. (2016) · Viruses in Foods · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30723-7_3 · Cited by 18
“It was previously determined that RHDV attaches to H type 2 HBGAs present on rabbit epithelial cells (Ruvöen-Clouet et al. 2000 ).”
BackgroundBuehler, M. J., Jesse, S. T., Kueck, H., Lange, B., Koenig, P., Jo, W., Osterhaus, A., & Beineke, A. (2020) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02386-4 · Cited by 17
Lopes, A. M., Breiman, A., Lora, M., le Moullac-Vaidye, B., Galanina, O., Nyström, K., Marchandeau, S., Gall-Reculé, G. L., Strive, T., Neimanis, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01759-17 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, J., Miao, Q., Tan, Y.-G., Guo, H.-M., Liu, T., Wang, B., Chen, Z.-Y., Li, C.-F., & Liu, G.-Q. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m117.780924 · Cited by 17
“Indirect strategies that have been used in studying RHDV, including the identification of the histo-blood group antigen H type 2, A type 2, and B type 2 oligosaccharides as attachment factors (28, 29).”
MethodKhodayar-Pardo, P., Martínez-Costa, C., Carmona-Vicente, N., & Buesa, J. (2014) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000000207 · Cited by 17
“1) to exclusively infect secretor individuals was the starting point for the hypothesis regarding HBGAs as receptors for caliciviruses stated by Ruvoen-Clouet in 2000.(32) This binding affinity was subsequently confirmed by assays with synthetic oligosaccharides.”
BackgroundFouchet, D., Pendu, J. L., Guitton, J., Guiserix, M., Marchandeau, S., & Pontier, D. (2009) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.11.021 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Schwensow, N., Detering, H., Pederson, S., Mazzoni, C., Sinclair, R., Peacock, D., Kovaliski, J., Cooke, B., Fickel, J., & Sommer, S. (2017) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.14228 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The role of maternal antibodies in the emergence of severe disease as a result of fragmentation
Fouchet, D., Marchandeau, S., Bahi-Jaber, N., & Pontier, D. (2007) · Journal of the Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0189 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Newborns are resistant to these diseases because they lack the receptors on which the virus binds to infect the cells (Ruvoën-Clouet et al. 2000).”
BackgroundViruses for Landscape-Scale Therapy: Biological Control of Rabbits in Australia.
Kerr, P., Hall, R., & Strive, T. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1012-1_1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cooke, B. (2008) · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72446-9_21 · Cited by 15
“For example, Ruvoen-Clouet et al. (2000) found that entry of RHDV into rabbit cells involves ABH antigens, a mechanism in common with other caliciviruses including those affecting humans (Huang et al. 2003) and similarly, Lalani et al. (1999) reported that chemokine receptors on cells are probably the entry point for…”
Richardson, B., Phillips, S., Hayes, R. A., Sindhe, S., & Cooke, B. (2007) · doi:10.1071/wr06117 · Cited by 14
Urakova, N., Hall, R., Strive, T., & Frese, M. (2019) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/2018-03-067 · Cited by 13
Marchandeau, S., Letty, J., Bertagnoli, S., Peralta, B., Boucraut-Baralon, C., & Reitz, F. (2004) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.155.19.589 · Cited by 13
Parkes, J., Heyward, R. P., Henning, J., & Motha, M. (2004) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2004.36410 · Cited by 13
“A possible explanation is that an immune response was initiated in the mucosa of the alimentary tract of these animals after a large challenge of non-replicating virus was obtained from eating infected rabbits (Ruvoen-Clouet et al 2002 ).”
BackgroundChen, M., Song, Y.-H., Fan, Z., Jiang, P., Hu, B., Xue, J.-B., Wei, H., & Wang, F. (2014) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.004 · Cited by 12
Alternative attachment factors and internalization pathways for GIII.2 bovine noroviruses.
Mauroy, A., Gillet, L., Mathijs, E., Vanderplasschen, A., & Thiry, E. (2011) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.030072-0 · Cited by 11
Song, Y.-H., Wang, F., Fan, Z., Hu, B., Liu, X., Wei, H., Xue, J.-B., Xu, W., & Qiu, R. (2016) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000355 · Cited by 10
Genetic basis of host resistance to norovirus infection
Kindberg, E., & Svensson, L. (2009) · doi:10.2217/fvl.09.14 · Cited by 10
Molecular Virology of Enteric Viruses (with Emphasis on Caliciviruses)
Javier, B., & Rodríguez-Díaz, J. (2006) · Viruses in Foods · doi:10.1007/0-387-29251-9_3 · Cited by 10
“It was previously known that RHDV attaches to H type 2 histo-blood group oligosaccharide present on rabbit epithelial cells (Ruvöen-Clouet et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSong, Y.-H., Fan, Z., Zuo, Y., Wei, H., Hu, B., Chen, M., Qiu, R., Xue, J.-B., & Wang, F. (2017) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3509-8 · Cited by 9
“Caliciviruses, including noroviruses and RHDV, exploit host-cell histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) for attachment, which results in the initiation of their replication cycle [12, 16, 18].”
Conley, M., Emmott, E., Orton, R., Taylor, D., Carneiro, D. G., Murata, K., Goodfellow, I. G., Hansman, G. S., & Bhella, D. (2017) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000658 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nyström, K., Abrantes, J., Lopes, A. M., le Moullac-Vaidye, B., Marchandeau, S., Rocher, J., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., Esteves, P., & Pendu, J. L. (2015) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004759 · Cited by 8
“To this aim the transfected cells were incubated for 30 min at 4°C with a 10 μg/ mL suspension of virus-like particles from a G2 RHDV strain prepared as described previously [27].”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Ruvoën-Clouet, N., Ganière, J. P., André-Fontaine, G., Blanchard, D., & Le Pendu, J.
- Affiliations
- <!--label omitted: 1-->Unité de Pathologie Infectieuse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 44307 Nantes cedex 03,1
- Oniris (FR)
- <!--label omitted: 2-->Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine, Pays de la Loire, 44011 Nantes cedex 01,2 and
- <!--label omitted: 3-->INSERM U419, Institut de Biologie, 44093 Nantes,3 France
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2000-12-15
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 11950-11954
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC112478
- OpenAlex
- W2083189047
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood groups and transfusion
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Keywords
- rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, ABH blood group antigens, H antigen, A antigen, viral attachment, hemagglutination, secretor status, Bombay phenotype, virus-like particles, recombinant capsid protein, UEA-I lectin, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract
- MeSH terms
- ABO Blood-Group System, Adult, Animals, Erythrocytes, Humans, Rabbits, Receptors, Virus, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review