Identification of Novel Mobilized Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-9 in a Multidrug-Resistant, Colistin-Susceptible Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolate
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Abstract
Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic that is used to treat severe infections caused by MDR and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria. The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated colistin as a “highest priority critically important antimicrobial for human medicine” (WHO, Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine , 5th revision , 2017, https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/antimicrobials-fifth/en/ ), as it is often one of the only therapies available for treating serious bacterial infections in critically ill patients. Plasmid-borne mcr genes that confer resistance to colistin pose a threat to public health at an international scale, as they can be transmitted via horizontal gene transfer and have the potential to spread globally. Therefore, the establishment of a complete reference of mcr genes that can be used to screen for plasmid-mediated colistin resistance is essential for developing effective control strategies.
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The mcr-9.1 gene was first identified in Salmonella enterica in 2019, where it conferred phenotypic resistance to colistin, and has since been associated with Enterobacter and Klebsiella species, often on mobile IncHI2 plasmids.
“The mcr-9.1 gene was first identified in Salmonella enterica in 201942, where it conferred phenotypic resistance to colistin, and has since been associated with Enterobacter and Klebsiella species, often on mobile IncHI2 plasmids43.”
From Impact of early life antibiotic and probiotic treatment on gut microbiome and resistome of very-low-birth-weight preterm infants. (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
The Observation section reports identifying mcr-9 in a Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium genome. But the In silico identification subsection says that isolate was not resistant to colistin under the tested conditions; resistance was demonstrated when mcr-9 was expressed in E. coli, not in the Salmonella isolate. The later Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and IncHI2 statement is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
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- Authors
- Carroll, L. M., Gaballa, A., Guldimann, C., Sullivan, G., Henderson, L. O., & Wiedmann, M.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Carroll, Laura M.
- Gaballa, Ahmed
- Guldimann, Claudia
- Sullivan, Genevieve
- Henderson, Lory O.
- Wiedmann, Martin
- ORCID
- Venue
- mBio
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2019-06-25
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 2150-7511 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-2129
- PMC
- PMC6509194
- OpenAlex
- W2944063377
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 54
- FWCI
- 28.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- mBio (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (DGE-1650441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- mcr-9, colistin resistance, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, multidrug resistance, plasmid-mediated resistance, horizontal gene transfer, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, colistin susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Colistin, Escherichia coli, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Salmonella typhimurium, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Serogroup
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